Term | Definition |
Hypernatremia | Hypertonic NaCl
Isotonic NaCl
IV sodium bicarbonate
Hypertonic tube feedings
Near-drowning in salt water
Water loss
Diarrhea
Osmotic diuretic therapy
Diabetes Insipidius
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Cushing syndrome
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
Hyponatremia | Diarrhea
Vomiting
Fistulas
NG suction
Diuretics
Adrenal Insufficiency
Burns
Wound drainage
Excessive hypotonic IV fluids
Primary polydipsia
SIADH
Heart failure
Primary hyperaldosteronism |
Hyperkalemia | Excessive or rapid parenteral administration
Potassium containing drugs/salts
Acidosis
Tissue catabolism (sepsis, burns)
Crush injury
Tumor lysis syndrome
Renal disease
Potassium sparing diuretics
Adrenal insufficiency
ACE inhibitors
NSAIDS |
Hypokalemia | Diarrhea
Vomiting
Fistulas
NG suction
Diuretics
Hyperaldosteronism
Magensium depletion
Diaphoresis
Dialysis
Increased insulin
Alkalosis
Tissue Repair
Increased Epinephrine
Starvation |
Hypercalcemia | multiple myeloma
malignancies with bone metastasis
prolonged immobilization
Hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D overdose
Thiazide diuretics
Milk-alkali syndrome
Acidosis |
Hypocalcemia | chronic kidney disease
elevated phosphorus
primary hypoparathyroidism
vitamin D defciency
magnesium deficiency
acute pancreatitis
loop diuretics
chronic alcoholism diarrhea
decreased serum albumin
alkalosis
excess of citrated blood |
Hyperphosphatemia | renal failure
chemotherapy drugs
enemas containing phosphorus
excess ingestion
hypoparathyroidism
sickle cell anemia |
Hypophosphatemia | malabsorption syndromes
recovery from malnutrition
glucose or insulin therapy
TPN
alcohol withdrawal
phosphate-binding antacids
recovery from DKA
respiratory alkalosis |
Hypermagnesemia | renal failure
adrenal insufficiency
excessive administration of magnesium
tumor lysis syndrome
DKA |
Hypomagnesemia | diarrhea
vomiting
chronic alcoholism
malabsorption syndromes
prolonged malnutrition
increased urine output
NG suction
DM
hyperaldosteronism |
Respiratory Acidosis | COPD
barbiturate or sedative overdose
chest wall abnormality
severe pneumonia
atelectasis
Guillan-Barre syndrome
mechanical hypoventilation |
Respiratory Alkalosis | Hyperventilation
PE
anxiety
fear
pain
Stimulated respiratory center
septicemia
encephalitis
brain injury
salicylate poisioning
mechanical hyperventilation |
Metabolic Acidosis | DKA
Lactic acidosis
starvation
severe diarrhea
renal tubular acidosis
renal failure
GI fistulas
shock |
Metabolic Alkalosis | severe vommiting
excess gastric suctioning
diuretic therapy
potassium defecit
excess NaHCO3 intake
excessive mineralcorticoids |