Question | Answer |
Hormones | chemical signals made in the body that travel throught the blood stream to target cells |
Target Cells | Any cell that has receptors for the hormone.
Bone cells, immune cells, heart cells, etc. |
How do hormones work? | Increase activity.
Decrease activity.
All for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis. |
Steroid Hormones | derived from cholesterol. Influences genes.
Diffuse through the cell membrane.
Long-term effects.
Examples: Testosterone, Estrogen, Cortisol |
Peptide Hormones | derived from proteins. Influences chemicals.
Requires receptors.
Short-term effects.
Examples: ADH, ACTH, GH, GHRH, INS, OXT |
Hypothalamus | Control Center of the Endocrine System.
Where it all begins.
“Releasing Hormones”.
Releasing hormones influence the anterior pituitary.
Have neurons that extend to the posterior pituitary.
Modulated through negative feedback |
Pituitary | Receives input from the hypothalamus.
Releases “stimulating” hormones to hormone-producing centers of the body.
Releases hormones directly into the cardiovascular system. |
Anterior Pituitary | hormone producing cells.
“FLAT PiG”
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
Lutenizing Hormone (LH).
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
Prolactin (Pro)
Growth Hormone (GH) |
Posterior Pituitary | terminals from hypothalamic neurons. Stores and releases hormones.
Oxytocin.
ADH |
Adrenal Glands | Receive the ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
Produces Cortisol. |
Cortex (Adrenal Glands) | Necessary for life.
Maintains routine homeostasis. |
Medulla (Adrenal Glands) | Not necessary for life.
Maintains crisis homeostasis.
Epinephrine. |
Stress | Disrupt metabolism due to physical or psychological stimuli.
Acute stress (like an exam): managed by adrenal medulla.
Chronic: Elevation of ACTH
Cortisol levels high: more blood glucose. Immune system compromised. |
Thyroid Gland | Produces Thyroid Hormone.
Influences metabolism.
Requires Iodine |
HYPOthyroidism | loss of thyroid hormone, decrease metabolism rate |
HYPERthyroidism | too much thyroid hormone, increase metabolism rate. |
Parathyroid Gland | Located on thyroid.
Calcium homeostasis. |
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Increases blood Ca |
Calcitonin | Decreases blood Ca |
Exocrine (Pancreas) | Digestion: remember enzymes (zymogens), bicarbonate ions. |
Endocrine | Blood sugar regulation
Beta cells: Insulin: lowers blood glucose.
Alpha cells: Glucagon: raises blood glucose. |
Type 1 Diabetes | Autoimmune disease.
Immune system attacks insulin producing cells.
No insulin is produced.
Requires blood monitoring and insulin injections.
Causes:
Genetic.
Triggered by infection. |
Type 2 Diabetes | Associated with lifestyle.
Linked to obesity and physical inactivity.
Insulin is produced, but cells are no longer sensitive = increase blood sugar.
Decrease insulin sensitivity |
Type 2 Diabetes Causes | Genetic, Lifestyle
Requires blood monitoring and lifestyle changes. |
Cushing’s Syndrome | High levels of cortisol.
Pituitary tumor: too much ACTH, too much cortisol.
Rapid weight gain.
Moodiness, irritability, depression.
Muscle, bone weakness.
Memory and attention dysfunction.
Hypertension.
Immune suppression. |
Acromegaly | Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
Pituitary tumor.
Heart complications.
Bone injuries. |
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease) | Enlarged thyroid (could be prone to sleep apnea).
Weight loss despite increased appetite.
Diarrhea
Heart complications
Irritability.
Exophthalmos (eyes bulging)
Autoimmune
Target TSH cells. |
Hypothyroidism | Loss of thyroid gland:
Lack of iodine in the diet OR Autoimmune.
Mental retardation
Sluggishness.
Cold intolerance.
Obesity
Constipation. |
Vasectomy | Male sterilization/ permanent birth control.
Vas deferens are severed and then tied/sealed to prevent sperm from entering the seminal stream.
Prevent fertilization.
Out patient procedure.
“Snip Snap” |
Birth Control | Condoms: prevent sperm from entering female reproductive tract.
Birth control pills: synthetic estrogens and progesterones. Blocks maturation and oocyte ovulation. |
STDs | Infect:
Genitals
Urinary Tract
Eyes
Throat
Can result in infertility/sterility. |
STD Types | Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis:
Treated with antibiotics.
Herpes:
Viral infection.
Cycles of outbreaks and remission.
Life long. No cure, only suppression.
Caesarian section for deliveries. |
Endometrium | (the lining inside the uterus) grows outside the uterus. |
Endometriosis | Involves ovaries, bowels, or tissue lining the pelvis.
Symptoms:
Painful periods (dysmenorrhea).
Pain with intercourse.
Pain with bowel movements or urination.
Excessive bleeding.
Infertility. |
Cancers | Uterine or cervical cancer:
Detected through pap smear.
Identify HPV |