Question | Answer |
Chytridiomycota example: | Parasite on frog skin |
Zygomycota example: | Black bread mold |
Glomeromycota example: | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
Ascomycota example: | Morels & truffels |
Basiodiomycota example: | Mushrooms & puffballs |
Basic fungi characteristics: | Eukaryotic, heterotrophic by secreting enzymes, cell walls composed primarily of chitin, more closely related to animals than plants. |
The storage carbohydrate of fungi is: | glycogen |
Must fungi are multicellular, but _____ are unicellular: | yeasts |
Only fungi have what type of cells? | dikaryotic; the cells have two genetically identical nuclei. |
Microscopic, threadlike filaments that branch rapidly in a food source: | hyphae |
A mass of aggregated hyphae is called: | mycelium |
A mushroom is an example of a: | fruiting body |
Spores are either asexually or sexually reproduced. Asexual spores are called: | conidia. Hyphae can produce conidia by mitosis. |
Fungi classification is based on: | spore type |
Chytridomycetes produce motile spores called: | zoospores; some are flagellated. |
Zygomycetes are fast-growing and prolific. They produce: | zygospores |
Glomeromycetes only live in association with: | plant roots |
A fungi-plant root combination is called a: | mycorhizza |
With mycorhizza, the fungus exchanges minerals and nutrients with the plant roots at structures called: | arbuscules |
What happens during the mutualistic relationship between fungal hyphae and plants? | The fungal hyphae absorb water and nutrients from soil and give plants sugar |
Ascomycetes are a large group of fungi containing various lifestyles which include: | symbiosis, decomposers, parasites, or mutalists. Some are even carnivorous. |
Ascomycetes are ___ fungi. | sac |
Basidiomycetes contain familiar fungi such as: | puffballs and mushrooms; they are club fungi. |
What fungi live in plants but do not trigger disease symptoms? | Endophytes; all plants harbor endophytes. |
_____________ form the most common types of mycorrhiza. | Glomeromycetes |
_______ are fungi with green algae or cyanobacteria living among other hyphae. | Lichens |
In animals, cells bind to the: | extracellular matrix |
Many animal phyla originated during the: | Cambrian explosion |
The first branching point animal taxonomy distinguishes a clade with _______ from a clade with ______. | true tissues; no true tissues |
In parazoans (sponges), cells don't interact to provide specific functions; they do not have ___________. | true tissues |
Bilaterally symmetrical animals have a head and a tail end. This body plan selects for ________. | Cephalization: sensory organs and a brain are on the head end. |
Diploblastic means: | two germ layers |
Triploblastic means: | three germ layers |
In all phyla except sponges, the embryonic ball of cells called a blastula folds in on itself, forming a | gastrulas |
The ectoderm develops into the: | skin and nervous system |
The endoderm develops into the: | digestive tract |
The mesoderm develops into the: | muscles and circulatory system |
If the first indention of the gastrula develops into the mouth, the organism is a: | protostome |
If the first indention of the gastrula develops into the anus, the organism is a: | deuterostome |
A ________ symmetrical animal may have a coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom. | bilaterally |
A body cavity surrounded on all sides by mesoderm is a: | coelom |
An organism with no coelom at all is known as an: | acoelomate |
A body cavity surrounded on one side my mesoderm and the other side by endoderm is called a: | pseudocoelom |
What type of digestive tract do animals have if the mouth both takes in food and ejects waste? | incomplete |
Animals with _________ development resemble adults in their juvenile stage. | direct |
Indirect development involves what stage of life? | Larval |
Phylum Porifera example: | sponges |
Phylum Cnidaria examples: | jellyfish, hydra, coral, and sea anemones. |
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) ecamples: | fluke, tapeworms, and planarians. |
Phylum Mollusca examples: | snails, scallops, and squids. |
Phylum Annelida examples: | earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes; aka segmented worms. |
Phylum Nematoda example: | roundworms. These are unsegmented worms that are tapered at both ends and who molt their cuticle. |
Phylum Arthropoda examples: | trilobites, chelicerates, myriapods (millipedes & centipedes), crustaceans, and insects. |
Crustaceans are a group of: | mandibulates (insects are also mandibulates). |
Phylum Echinoderma examples: | sand dollars, sea stars, and sea urchins. |
Phylum Chordata examples: | humans and many other examples; most are vertebrates. |
Four characteristics of phylum chordata: | 1. Notochord: develops into a backbone in most cases.
2. Dorsal, hollow nervechord: develops into the spinal chord.
3. Pharyngeal pouches or slits.
4. Postanal tail. |
What were the first chordates with vertebrae? | Lancelets |
Ostechthyes means: | bony fish |
Chondrichthyes means: | cartilage fish |
Jaws, lungs, precursors, and a bony skeleton first appeared in: | fishes |
What allows reptiles and mammals to breed in dry habitats? | the amnion |
Amniotes include: | mammals, birds, and non-avian reptiles. |
Ectotherm means: | cold-blooded |
What is required for metabolism, growth, and reproduction in plants? | essential elements |
Which macronutrients are the most abundant? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen |
Soil is a complex mixture of: | rock particles, organic matter, air, and water. |
What is the dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays called? | humus |
Topsoil is also known as the: | A horizon |
What does the B horizon consist of? | clay and soil; aka subsoil. |
What does the C horizon consist of? | Mostly weathered rocks. |
What is below the C horizon? | bedrock |
Symbiotic relationships with what type of bacteria help plants obtain useful forms of nitrogen? | nitrogen-fixing |
Some bacteria live in growths called ______ on roots. | nodules |
Vascular tissue forms what system that connects plant roots? | The transportation system |
The xylem pulls what up through the plant? | water and minerals |
Xylem transport is explained by what theory? | The cohesion-tension theory. Because of cohesion, when water evaporates from the leaves in a process called transpiration, it pulls adjacent molecules closer to the stomata. |
What is the Casparian strip? | A waxy barrier that ensures all incoming material passes through cells. |
What does the phloem push through the plant? | Sugars |
Roots and fruits, which don't carry out photosynthesis, are called: | sinks. |
What does the pressure-flow theory explain? | Movement throughout the phloem. |
Parasitic plants tap into the vascular tissue of a host plant. Name an example: | misletoe |
Explain the pressure-flow theory of transport: | the pressure-flow theory suggests that phloem sap moves under positive pressure from "sources" to "sinks". |
What exactly is a plant "source"? | any plant part that produces or releases sugars. |
What exactly is a plant "sink"? | any plant part that does not photosynthesize. Sinks include flowers, fruits, roots, storage organs, and shoot apical meristems. |
Flowers and seeds are produced by angiosperms that _______ reproduce, yielding genetically ______ offspring with traits derived from both parents. | sexually; unique |
When is asexual reproduction advantageous? | When conditions in the environment are stable and plants are well adapted to their surroundings. |
The angiosperms life cycle is called the: | Alternation of Generations |
A flowering plant missing male reproductive parts will still have: | an embryo sac and egg cells. |
What are the 2 results of double fertilization? | a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus. |
What are cotyledons? | "Seed leaves" of the embryo where shoots and roots form. |
What hormone stimulates fruit development, controls elongation of cells in a stem, and suppresses growth of lateral buds? | Auxins |
What do Cytokinin hormones do? | Promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. |
Auxins are primarily released from the ____ ____, and Cytokinins are primarily released from the ____. The counteracting effect of these hormones is called ______ ____________. | shoot tip; roots; apical dominance. |
Which hormone stimulates shoot elongation? Used by farmers to stimulate stem elongation and fruit growth. | Gibberellins |
Which hormone stimulates fruit ripening as well as shedding of leaves, flowers, and fruits? | Ethylene |
______ acid inhibits shoot growth, maintains seed dormancy, and stimulates closure of stomata and shedding of plant parts? | Abscisic |
As auxin molecules migrate away from the light, they accumulate on the _____ side of the stem. | shaded |
The photoreceptor in plants is called: | phytochrome |
Phytochrome helps plants sense what? | day length |
Directional growth in response to gravity is known as: | gravitropism |
Statoliths sink to the bottom of cells and therefore might help plants detect: | gravity |
The reaction of plants responding to touch is known as: | thigmotropism |
During ________, metabolism changes from synthesis to breakdown. | senescence |
Leaves at a high level of ethylene separate from the tree at what zone? | The abscission zone. |
Whorl 1, also known as the Calyx, contains which flower parts? | Sepals |
Whorl 2, also known as the Corolla, contains which flower parts? | Petals |
Whorl 3, made of male reproductive parts, contains what? | The stamen, which is made up of the anther and the filament. |
Whorl 4, made of female reproductive parts, contains what? | The carpel, which is made up of the stigma, style, ovule, and ovary. |