Term | Definition |
• Network | – two or more computers connected together
– so they can communicate with each other
– share resources (software: MS Office applications or hardware: printers, fax machines, storage devices)
– exchange information (transfer data from one computer to |
• Client/server model | – most popular form of network. individual computers and devices interact with one another through a central server |
– Client | – an individual computer connected to a network |
– Server | – a computer that manages network resources |
– Node | – an individual computer or other device connected to a network |
• Local area network (LAN) | – a group of computers connected in a small geographic area (campus, home, business)
– The organization owns & manages all network components |
• Wide area network (WAN) | – a collection LANs that are linked together.
– span a wide geographic area
– The organization leases some of the components needed connect those networks together (high-speed telephone lines or wireless transmission equipment) |
• Internet | – a vast network of LANs and WANs that electronically connects millions of people worldwide |
• World Wide Web | – a set of software programs that enables users to access resources on the Internet via hypertext documents, or Web pages |
• Web page | – a document created in HTML containing hypertext links that, when clicked, enable users to access a different location or document |
• Web site | – a collection of related Web pages |
• Web browser | – a software application that enables users to easily access, view and navigate Web pages on the Internet |
– Protocol | – (rules for how we communicate and interact on the internet) an agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices |
– Packet | a fixed piece of information sent across a network |
– TCP/IP | – software that makes Internet communication possible |
• Internet Service Provider (ISP) | – an organization that provides access to the Internet |
• Computers access information from the Internet as follows: | – You request data from an Internet server
– The request is divided into packets
– The packets are routed from your LAN to the Internet backbone
– The packets are routed from the Internet backbone to the destination server
– The destination server |
• Six elements are required to connect to the Internet: | – Computer – PC, smartphone, tablet, etc.
– Operating system – Windows, Apple, Linux/Unix
– TCP/IP – protocol to communicate w/ Internet
– Client software – Web Browser, mobile app, e-mail application
– Internet connection - direct through an ISP |
• Internet Service Provider (ISP) | – an organization that provides access to the Internet |
• Dial-up Internet connections: | – Standard telephone lines and analog modem (rural areas) |
• Direct Internet connections: | – High-speed data links , Wireless connections, T and E carriers (big companies, international), LAN connections (local/ regional businesses), Cable modems (Brighthouse), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) , 4G mobile hotspot (cell phones) |
• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) | – supports 32-bit dotted quad IP address format
– Most widely used version of IP
– Approximately 4 billion possible IP addresses |
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) | – supports
128-bit hexadecimal address format |
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) | – used to transfer Web pages from a Web server to a Web client (Web browser) |
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) | – used to access a secure Web server |
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) | – used to transfer files between computers on the Internet |
– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) | – used to transfer e-mail messages to others with an outgoing mail server |
– Post Office Protocol (POP) | – used to receive e-mail from an incoming mail server |
– Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) | – used to receive e-mail from an incoming mail server |
– Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) | – used by news servers to exchange newsgroup articles |
• Newsgroup | – a group of messages about a particular subject that is posted to a central Internet site (news server) and redistributed through Usenet |
• Usenet | – a public-access worldwide network |
• Domain Name System (DNS) | – resolves IP addresses into easily recognizable names |
• com | – commercial site |
• CIWcertified | – registered company domain name |
• www | – Web server name at company |
• com | – commercial or company sites |
• edu | educational institutions, typically universities |
• org | – organizations; originally clubs, associations and non-profit groups; currently, various types of organizations |
• mil | – U.S. military |
• gov | – U.S. civilian government |
• net | – network sites, including ISPs |
• int | – international organizations (rarely used) |
• Domain name server | – a server on the Internet that resolves domain names into IP addresses |
• Reverse DNS – | – the process of resolving IP addresses into domain names |
• Virtual domain | – a hosting service that allows a company to host its domain name on a third-party ISP server |
• Shared domain | – a hosting service that allows multiple entities to share portions of the same domain name |
• Crowdsourcing | – outsourcing a task to an undefined group of people or community to obtain and analyze large amounts of data |
• Cloud computing | – a paradigm in which users access software and services remotely over the Internet |
– Software as a Service (SaaS) | – another name for cloud computing |
– Grid computing – | – a cluster of multiple, remote systems that are used to create a single solution |
– Advantages to cloud computing: | • Flexibility
• Scalability
• Cost reduction |