| Question | Answer |
| *Classical Theory | View that people exercise free will and are thus responsible for their actions |
| *Criminological Theory | The explanation of criminal behavior as well as the behavior of all other actors in the criminal justice system |
| What is the principle of Utility | The only justified rationale for laws and punishment is the goal of the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number of society |
| What is a Social Contract | An imaginary agreement by the people that they sacrifice the minimum amount of liberty to prevent anarchy and chaos. |
| Beccaria believed in Specific Deterrence. What is the concept under this? | The punishment will prevent the criminal from committing crime again |
| What is General Deterrence | The punishment of the individual will deter the people from committing crime |
| What is the NeoClassical Theory | Acknowledges that certain factors, like insanity, might inhibit free will |
| What is the Biological Theory of crime causation? | Concept that criminals behave differently because structurally, they are different due to biochemical and environmental factors. |
| What is Biological Inferiority? | The factors that cause the criminal to behave differently makes that person biologically inferior to the non-criminal. |
| *What is Criminal Anthropology? | The study of criminals |
| Atavist | A person who reverts to savagry |
| Limbic System | Structure surrounding the brain stem that controls body functions but also moderates expressions of rage, violence, anger, fear, and sexual urge. |
| What is the concept behind Freud's description of Psychopaths aka sociopaths | Their behavior is based on some prior unresolved issue of guilt for which they were neither caught nor punished |
| What is is Anomie | The individual is not a part of the collective conscience |
| Collective Conscience | The general sense of what is moral for that period in time. |
| What is the theory of the Chicago School from the University of Chicago | Sociologists of the 1920's believed that social disorganization led to delinquent behavior |
| Social Disorganization | Condition in which the usual controls over delinquents are largely absent. (Ex. jobs, parenting, encouragement, training) |
| What is concept behind the Strain aka Anomie Theory | Legitimate means to achieve the cultural goal of wealth are limited due to the social structure. This creates a strain on the individual especially in the lower class. |
| Imitation aka modeling | Social behavior including criminal acts are learned |
| What is the theory of Differential Association (one of the most recent theories of crime causation) | View that criminal behavior is learned aka role model. Persons who become criminal do so because of contact with criminals and no contact with non criminals. |
| What is Learning Theory? | Theory that explains Criminal Behavior/Prevention as a concept of Positive or Negative reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment, or Modeling. |
| Describe the concept of Positive Reinforcement | The presentation of a reward to stimulate or maintain a desired response. |
| Describe the concept of Negative Reinforcement | Removal or reduction of a reward whose removal will stimulate a desired response. AKA Aversive stimulus (like pain or fear). |
| Define Extinction as a concept of criminal behavior | Removal of the reward. Behavior that used to be positively reinforced no longer is done so. Ex. Burglar who keeps coming up empty handed. |
| Define punishment as a concept of Criminal Justice | Punishment is the presentation of an aversive stimulus reduce a response. |
| What is the concept of the Social Control Theorist | Unless properly socialized or prevented from doing so, people are expected to commit crime. |
| Name 4 theories discussed in Chpt 3 that attempt to explain crime | Strain, Differential Association, and Social Control, Labeling |
| What does Labeling Theory focus on | The criminalization process. The way people and actions are defined as crime |
| What is the concept of Conflict Theory | Theory assumes that society is based on conflict between competing interest groups and the criminal justice system is used by the dominant group to control the subordinate group. |
| Per the Conflict Theory model, crime is caused by the inability of the of the subordinate group to to gain power. AKA _________ ___________. | Relative Powerlessness |
| Power Differential | The ability of some groups to dominate other groups in a society |
| What is the Radical Theory of crime. Hint, based on Karl Marx. | Capitalism is an economic system requiring people to compete against each other in the pursuit of material wealth. |
| Left Theorists | Recognize that not only were he wealthy victimizing the working class, but working class were victimizing each other. |
| Left Theorists argue the concept of Relative Depravation which refers to.... | an inequailty in resources and opportunities that are defined as unjust or unfair by the individual. Police must focus on protection of the working class. |
| The concept behind Peacemaking Criminology theory is... | Crime is an expression of suffering. To reduce or eliminate crime. peoples suffering must be eliminated |
| Feminist Theory | Focuses on women's experiences and seek to abolish mens control over women's labor and sexuality (patriarchy). |
| The concept of Postmodernism | Argue that there is more than one interpretation of the law AND the Constitution. That interpretation is driven by the social context in which they arise. |
| What drug can we give sex offenders | Depo-Provera |
