Term | Definition |
1st law of thermodynamics | energy is not created or destroyed - it changes in form |
OAA | Acetyl CoA is added to this to begin Kreb cycle |
RuBP | carbon dioxide is attached to this during carbon fixation |
ACE (Aald) | pyruvate is first changed to this during fermentation |
Acetyl CoA | complex that enters Kreb cycle - adds to 4-C starting material |
Acetyl group | formed in Intermediate Reaction - carried to Kreb cycle by Coenzyme A |
activation energy | type of energy needed to begin chemical reactions |
active site | portion of an enzyme that fits substrate exactly |
ADP + Pi | products of ATP hydrolysis - can be used to re-make ATP |
-ase | suffix that identifies substances as an enzyme |
ATP | energy currency of living cells |
ATP synthase | enzyme that acts to build ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate |
autotroph | organism that stores energy by making its own food |
Calvin cycle | last stage/step of photosynthesis - where glucose is made from PGAL |
carbon fixation | process used by plants to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere |
catalyst | substance that increases the rate of reactions without being used up |
chemical reaction | occurs to produce new substances with unique properties |
chloroplast | organelle that autotrophs use to absorb light energy and produce glucose |
carbon dioxide | atmospheric gas that plants bring in to make glucose |
coenzyme | molecule that modifies an enzyme's shape OR carries atoms/parts of atoms |
Coenzyme A | specific molecule that carries acetyl group to Kreb cycle |
cytoplasm | where fermentation and glycolysis occur in living cells |
Electron Transport Chain | used in PS II, PS I and the last step of aerobic cellular respiration |
endergonic | type of reaction that absorbs more free energy than it releases |
enzyme | 3-D protein molecule used as a catalyst in cellular reactions |
ethyl alcohol | one of the waste products of fermentation (in bacteria or yeast cells) |
exergonic | reaction that gives off more free energy than it takes in |
FAD | coenzyme used only in Kreb cycle - carries 2 high-energy electrons |
free energy | energy that is available for use in living systems or chemical reactions |
glucose | fuel for cellular respiration - final product of photosynthesis |
heterotroph | organism that must bring in food from other sources for its energy |
high-energy electron | negatively charged atomic particle - located further from the nucleus than normal |
Hydrogen proton | an atom of Hydrogen that has been stripped of its electron |
inner conpartment / matrix | location in the mitochondria where Krebs cycle takes place |
kinetic energy | also known as the energy of motion - it's doing something |
lactic acid | waste product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells |
lock & key hypothesis | the idea that an enzyme's active site must fit the substrate exactly |
mitochondria | organelle responsible for final 3 steps/stages of oxidative respiration |
NAD | coenzyme utilized in all four steps/stages of aerobic cellular respiration |
NADP | coenzyme used in both PS I and Calvin cycle of photosynthesis |
NADP reductase | enzyme used by plants to add high-energy electrons to coenzyme |
outer comparment | space in the mitochondria that is more acidic due to hydrogen ion concentration |
oxygen | waste product of photosynthesis - necessary for aerobic respiration |
PGAL | formed in Calvin cycle - used to make glucose, starch, fats, proteins, etc. |
photons | discrete packets of light energy absorbed by chlorophyll |
Photosystem I | step of photosynthesis that produces NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle |
Photosystem II | stage of photosynthesis that produces ATP |
potential energy | also known as the energy of position - stored energy |
products | results of a chemical reaction (on the right side of the arrow) |
proton pumps | proteins that actively transport protons across a membrane |
pyruvate | end product of glycolysis that is sent to Intermediate reaction |
reactants | materials that go into a chemical reaction (left side of the arrow) |
stroma | cytoplasm type material within a chloroplast |
substrate | molecule that fits exactly into the 3-D active site of an enzyme |
thylakoid membrane | surface inside a chloroplast that contains chlorophyll, OEC, ATP synthase, NADP reductase, enzymes, coenzymes, and the ETC |
water | waste product of aerobic cellular respiration - formed in the last step/stage |
ATP | energy currency of living cells; produced during step 1 of photosynthesis and used during step 3 to make glucose |
Calvin cycle | third step/stage of photosynthesis; uses energy from ATP & NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose |
carbon dioxide | atmospheric gas attached to RuBP in step 3 of photosynthesis so that G3P (PGAL) can be formed then made into glucose |
chlorophyll | green pigment found in chloroplasts; absorbs light and transfers energy to ATP & NADPH in steps 1 & 2 of photosynthesis |
chloroplast | plant cell organelle that performs photosynthesis so that glucose can be made from CO2 & water |
PGAL | produced during step 3 of photosynthesis and is used to make glucose and re-make RuBP |
glucose | six-carbon sugar produced from G3P (PGAL) during step 3 of photosynthesis |
grana | stack of thylakoids found in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis |
photons | absorbed by chlorophyll in steps 1 & 2 of photosynthesis and transformed into stored energy as ATP & NADPH |
NADPH | high-energy compound produced in step 2 and used by step 3 of photosynthesis to make G3P (and then glucose) |
oxygen | given off by plants during step 1 of photosynthesis as waste; taken in by animals during respiration (breathing) |
water | broken apart by plants in step 1 of photosynthesis in order to replace electrons lost from the reaction center and give off oxygen |
Photosystem 1 | second step/stage of photosynthesis that absorbs light energy in order to make NADPH for step 3 |
Photosystem 2 | first step/stage of photosynthesis that absorbs photons to make ATP so glucose can be made in step 3 |
RuBP | used in step 3 of photosynthesis to collect CO2 so that glucose can be made; recylced over and over again in this stage |
stroma | area inside chloroplast around thylakoids where water is stored so that photosynthesis can occur |
thylakoids | structures in chloroplasts; membrane contains chlorophyll and other molecules used to carry out photosynthesis |
photosynthesis | process carried out by plants; consists of three steps or stages; used to store absorbed light energy in bonds of glucose |
ATP synthase | enzyme used in step 1 of photosynthesis to harness electrons and make use-able energy for the cell |
NADP reductase | enzyme from step 2 of photosynthesis that combines high-energy electrons with a coenzyme for transport to step 3 |
RuBisCO | in step 3 of photosynthesis, this is the enzyme that performs carbon fixation in order to eventually make glucose |
electron transport chain | series of molecules (including coenzymes) used to transfer electrons in an attempt to carry/transfer energy |
oxygen | given off as a waste product from the splitting of water molecules in step 1 of photosynthesis |
electrons | boosted to higher energy levels and used to make/store use-able energy as ATP or glucose |
Carbon fixation | process that occurs in step 3 of photosynthesis to add atmospheric carbon dioxide to RuBP for making glucose |
NADP | coenzyme that has a high-energy electron added to it so it can be carried to step 3 of photosynthesis and used (eventually) to make glucose |
ADP | molecule that has a high-energy phosphate molecule added to it during step 1 of photosynthesis so that it can be used in step 3 |
OEC | series of enzymes found at the thylakoid membrane that acts to split water into Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms |