Term | Definition |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid is made up of repeating subunits of nucleotides. has 2 chains of nucleotides |
3 parts of DNA nucleotide | sugar, phosphate, 1 of 4 nitrogen containing bases |
sugar | deoxyribose |
phosphate | phosphorous |
1 of 4 nitrogen bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
purines made of two rings of carbon | adenine, guanine |
pyrimidines with only 1 carbon ring | cytosine, thymine |
who suggested the model of double helix for the structure of DNA | Watson and crick |
what did Watson and crick win | nobel prize in medicine, 1962 |
where do bases face ? | Toward the center and they face the base of other chains with which they form hydrogen bonds |
Letters are used to signify what | nitrogen bases |
complementary pairs | C-G, T-A |
replication | the process of copying DNA in a cell |
what happens during replication | the 2 nucleotide chains separate b unwinding. Each chain are now the new beginning of a new nucleotide chain. They're separated by enzymes called helicases. It breaks hydrogen bonds between bases. |
helicases | the chains separated by enzymes |
DNA polymerase | enzymes that bind to the separated chains of DNA. |
1 in ever 10,000 | how often do errors occur in paired nucleotides |
mutation | a change in the nucleotide sequence causes what |
1 per 1 billion nucleotides | enzymes can repair errors and bring the error rate down to what |
RNA | what is responsible for the movement of genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytosol |
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen containing base | what does RNA consist of |
mRNA | consists of RNA nucleotides in the form of a single uncoiled chain. Carries genetic information from DNA is the nucleus to the cytoplasm. |
tRNA | binds to specific amino acids. There are about 45 varieties of tRNA. Consists of a single chain of about 80 RNA nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape that binds to specific amino acids. |
rRNA | most abundant form. Consists of RNA nucleotides in a globular form. Joined by protiends, it makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made. |
transcription | process by which genetic information si copied from dna to rna. |
promoters | marker the beginning and continues until it reaches a termination signal |
transcripts | the products of transcription |
whre does mRNA move | it makes through the pores of the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm where it direct protein synthesis |
cytosol | cytoplasm |
protein synthesis | the production of proteins |
what determines the structure and function of the cell | the amount and kind of proteins that are produced |