Question | Answer |
What Are The Modes of Mammal Locomotion? | Ambulatory, Cursorial, Saltatorial, Swimming, FLying, Gliding, Digging/Burrowing, |
Ambulatory | Walking, plantigrade walking |
Cursorial | Running; Stride Length Adaptations; Stride Rate Adaptations; Two types (Digitigrade, unguligrade) |
Cursorial Stride Length Adaptations | Distal limb bone elongated; Change foot posture; Loss/reduction of the clavicle; Increase flexion and extension |
Cursorial Stride Rate Adaptations | Joints restrict movements to a single plane; metatarsals and metacarpals fused; Muscles concentrated near body |
Digitigrade | Cursorial method; One or more toes |
Unguligrade | Cursorial method; Tip of the toe |
Saltatorial | Two types (Quadrapedal and Bipedal); Long hind limbs; Large feet; Large hind limb musculature; Stiffening of a spine; Elastic ligaments; Long tail |
Quadrapedal | Saltatorial method; Jumping |
Bipedal | Saltatorial method; Ricocheting |
Swimming | Semi-Aquatic and Full Aquatic |
Semi-Aquatic | Swimming Method; Long bodies; Swim using limbs; Feet and tail modified with stiff toe hair, thick pelage, and flat tail |
Full Aquatic | Swimming Method; Modified limbs into flippers; Axial skeleton simplified and rigid; Reduced cervical vertebrae; Poor head movement; Robust Vertebrae |
Flying | Elongated forearms and hands; Keeled sternum; Small bodies |
Climbing | Increased friction between feet and substrate with friction pads, claws, prehensile tails, opposable digits; Vertebral columns, expanded ribs, elongated thoracic region, reduced lumbar |
Gliding | Patagium |
Digging/Burrowing | Tapered body at front and back; Strong claws and limbs; Strong neck muscles; Tactile and olfactory sensitivities |