Term | Definition |
Carbohydrates Group I | contain glucose-glycogen cellulose starch
N-acetyl-glucosamine-chitin
neutral polysaccharides
nonionic homoglycans
(+) PAS
(-) alcian blue, colloidal iron, mucicarmine |
Carbohydrate Group II | Acid mucopolysaccharides (anionic heteroglycans) all are acidic
(-) pas
(+) ALCIAN BLUE, COLLOIDAL IRON, MUCICARMINE |
Carbohydrates Group III | Glycoproteins
mucins, mucoid, mucoprotein, mucosubstances
mostly epithelial mucins some may occur in connective tissue
some/most PAS (+) |
Carbohydrates Group IV | glycolipids
cerebrosides-fatty residue bound to carbohydrate structure
phosphatides- PAS positive, non carb containing lipids |
PAS | demonstrates polysaccharides, neutral mucosubstances, & basement membranes most common reactive group is 1 &2
periodic acid oxidizes to aldehydes
basic fuchsin is treated w/ sulfurous acid to make Schiff reagent
metabisulfate removes excess schiff |
PAS w/ diastase | demonstrates glycogen |
Best Carmine | demonstrates glycogen |
Mayer Mucicarmine | demonstrates "epithelial" mucin
stains carboxylated and sulfated mucins
does not stain neutral mucosubstances
combine with alcian blue-PAS to establish presence or absence of mucin more certainly |
Mayer Mucicarmine | Mucin & Cryptococcus.........ROSE
Nuclie....................................BLACK
Other tissue..........................BLUE OR YELLOW |
Alcian Blue pH 2.5 | demonstrates acid mucopolysaccharides
acetic acid |
Alcian Blue pH 1.0 | demonstrates sulfated mucosubstances
hydrochloric acid |
Alcian Blue w/ Hyaluronidase | differentiate between epithelial and connective mucins |
Alcian Blue- PAS- Hematoxylin | stains acid mucosubstances and neutral polysaccharides |
Alcian Blue- PAS- Hematoxylin | acid mucosubstances.......BLUE
neutral polysaccharides......MAGENTA
substances stained with both.....PURPLE |
Muller- Mowry Colloidal Iron | demonstrates carboxylated & sulfated mucopolysaccharides & glycoproteins |
Amyloid | 1-2% carbohydrate
chondroitin, heparin, & dermatan sulfates |
Amyloidosis | amorphous eosinphilic extracellular deposit that gradually replaces cellular elements of vital organs |
Primary Amyloid | happens spontaneously usually in heart, muscle, skin, and tongue |
Secondary Amyloid | comes from predisposing disease
commonly found in kidney, liver, spleen, and adrenal glands |
Myeloma-associated Amyloid | diseases of immune system |
Tumor Associated Amyloid | associated with many tumors |
Alkaline Congo Red Method | demonstrates amyloid
tissue cut at 8-10 microns
examined with polarized light
Harris hematoxyline, alkaline salt solution, congo red |
Alkaline Congo Red Method | Amyloid...............DEEP PINK
Elastic tissue........PALE PINK
Nuclei...................BLUE |
Crystal Violet | used for rapid screening of amyloid
amyloid with appear purplish violet and other tissue will be blue |
Thioflavin T Fluorescent Method | used to demonstrate amyloid but is not as specific as congo red
amyloid with fluoresce to yellow to yellow-green. |