Question | Answer |
3 domains | bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
5 kingdoms | monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
magnification= | objective x eyepiece |
best light microscope resolving power | 0.2 um |
4 types of light microscopes | bright-field, dark-field, phase-contrast, fluorescence |
phase contrast microscopy | converts slight differences in refractive indexes into easily detected variations in light intensity |
basic dyes bind to | negatively charged structures |
acidic dyes bind to | positively charged structures |
acid fast + | pink |
acid fast - | blue |
phospholipid found in bacteria | phosphotidylethanolamine |
what makes up archaea membrane? | much stronger phospholipid |
mycoplasmas | lack a cell membrane |
mycobacterium | mycolic acid layer |
protein that transports larger substances thru outer membrane (gram negative) | permeases |
protein that transports smaller substances thru outer membrane (gram negative) | porins |
2 carbohydrates that make up cell wall/what kind of linkage | NAG & NAM; beta glycosidic bond |
difference b/w gram - and gram + cell wall (carbohydrates) | gram + has tetrapeptide |
what can block penicillin? | outer membranes |
when does penicillin work? | when the cell is dividing |
lysozyme | enzyme found in salvia, tears, sweat that destroys structural integrity of peptidoglycan molecule |
penicillin | fits into enzyme that makes cell walls (inhibits it) |
penicillin structure | beta lactam ring |
bacteria that lack a cell wall | mycoplasma |
how are mycoplasma membranes strengthened? | sterols in PM |
mycoplasma are not affected by | lysozyme and penicillin |
archaea often have | an s-layer |
what can be altered to change gram negative cell wall thickness? | # of sheets of NAG and NAM only |
what can be altered to change gram + cell wall thickness? (3) | number of NAG and NAM sheets, type of inter bridge, number of AAs in inter bridge |
bacteria microtubules | tubulin homolog |
bacteria microfilaments | actin homolog |
3 functions of cytoskeleton | cell division, protein localization, shape |
inclusion bodies have a ____ | sometimes enclosed by a SINGLE layer membrane (protein, phospholipids); many used for storage |
organic inclusion bodies (4) | gas vacuole, carboxysome, cyanophycin, glycogen |
glycogen granules | (inclusion body) have PHB (can be used as biodegradable plastic) |
carboxysomes | (inclusion body) store CO2 and fix carbon |
cyanophycin | (inclusion body) long chains if AAs (arg and asp) for nitrogen storage |
gas vacuoles | (inclusion body) help bacteria that live in H2O move around |
inorganic inclusion bodies (2) | metachromatic granules, magnetasomes |
megachromatic granules | (inclusion body) store phosphate for ATP production |
magnetasomes | (inclusion body) contain Fe to align w/ poles |
prokaryotic ribosomes | 70S (30S and 50S) |
eukaryotic ribosomes | 80S (40S and 60S) |
similar protein to histones found in prokaryotes | condensin |
some archaea have what eukaryotic protein? | histones |
4 types of things that plasmids can transfer | antibiotic resistance, genes for metabolic processes, anti-bacterial genes, toxins |
endospores are heat resistant b/c of | calcium-dipicolinic acid |
germination (definition) | turning back into a cell from an endospore |
3 steps of germination | activation, germination, outgrowth |
4 functions of components external to cell wall (4) | horizontal gene transfer, movement, attachment, protection |
capsule | layer of polysaccharides that resists endocytosis (complement doesn't bind as well) |
slime layer | less organized and easier to removed than capsule |
glycocalyx | "sugar shell" that encompasses both the capsule and slime layer |
biofilms | collection of bacteria in some kind of sugar mesh (plaque)-> inside is much more antibiotic resistant |
s-layer | protein that gives cell shape, protects it, and aids in virulence |
diagnosis of TB | PPD + chest x-ray (check for granulomas) |
__ of the world's population is infected w/ TB | 1/3 (90% latent) |
can pili and fimbriae be visualized under a light microscope? | no |
type IV fimbriae | twitch for motility |
3 parts of flagella | filament, hook, and basal body |
axial filament | found only in spirochetes; internal flagella that flexes, bends, and spins |
chemoreceptors are located where? | in PM or periplasmic space of gram - |
binary fission steps (5) | gets bigger, chromosome replicated, contents divided, septum, division |
4 phases of growth | lag (getting ready to divide), exponential/log (dividing), stationary (#dying=#dividing), death (dying exponentially) |
psychrophiles | 0-20C |
facultative psychrophiles | 20-30C (Listeria monocytogenes) |
mesophiles | 15-45C (most human pathogens) |
thermophiles | 45-100C |
stenothermal | grow over a small range of temperatures |
eurythermal | grow over a wide range of temperatures |
hypotonic | pure water |
isotonic | water activity= 0.98 (human body) |
hypertonic | low water activity (salt lakes ~0.75) |
osmotolerance | microbes that can grow in low water activity (hypertonic) |
halophiles | microbes that REQUIRE a low water activity |
optimum pH 1-5.5 | acidophiles |
optimum pH 5.5-8 | neutrophiles |
optimum pH 8.5-11.5 | alkalophiles |
barotolerant | bacteria that CAN grow >1 atm |
barophliic | bacteria that prefer to grow >1 atm |
bacteria that can live with or without O2 | aerotolerant anaerobes |
what protects microbes from radiation? | pigmentation |
sterilization | no living microbes |
disinfectant | killing/inhibiting microbes from INANIMATE objects |
sanitization | reducing microbial #s to levels safe for public (not all gone) |
antiseptics | killing/inhibiting microbes from LIVING tissue |
optimal concentration of alcohol sanitizers | 60-70% (if more evaporates too fast) |
2 common mistakes while taking antibiotics | failure to follow directions and failure to finish |
5 modes of killing | ribosomes, cell wall, membranes, nucleic acids, metabolic pathways |
5 ways bacteria evade antibiotics | prevent entrance, efflux pumps, drug inactivation, target modification, alternate pathway |
what step in sporulation is most likely inhibited by inhibiting NAG and NAM? | formation of the cortex |
you isolated cell w/ 70s ribosomes, dsDNA, and PPL bilayer.. could be what? | bacteria, archaea, or eukarya |
a mutation in the axial filament gene would render which type of bacteria immobile? | spirochetes |
what can produce exoezymes? | both gram positive and gram negative bacteria |
2 organelles that arose to the endosymbiont theory | chloroplasts and mitochrondria |
4 reasons why chloroplasts/mitochondria came from bacteria | 70s ribosomes, circular DNA, size/shape like a bacterium, double membrane |
therapeutic index | amount that is toxic/amount that is therapeutic |