| Question | Answer |
| The Pectoral Girdle (shoulder girdle) | Connects the arms to the body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for arm movement |
| What does the pectoral consist of and where does it connect with axial skeleton? | Consists of:
2 clavicles
2 scapulae
Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium |
| The Clavicles (collarbones) | Long, S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)
Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end) |
| The Scapulae (shoulder blades) | Anterior surface-subscapular fossa
Broad, flat triangles
Articulate with arm and collarbone |
| WHat does the scapulae known for? | To hold the glenoid cavity which articulates with humerus to form shoulder joint |
| Humerus-arm | The long, upper armbone |
| Head of humerus | rounded, articulating surface
contained within joint capsule |
| Neck of humerus | Anatomical neck- margin of joint capsule
Surgical neck: the narrow metaphysis |
| Shaft of humerus | Deltoid tuberosity:
-a bulge in the shaft
-attaches deltoid muscle
Radial groove:
-for radial nerve
-posterior to deltoid tuberosity |
| Distal Epiphysis of humerus | Medial and lateral epicondyles:
-for muscle attachment
Condyle of the humerus:
=Trochlea:
coronoid fossa & olecranon fossa
articulates with ulna
=Capitulum:
radial fossa
articulates with radius |
| Ulna | Articulations
=With humerus
==Forearm extended: olecranon (elbow point) enters olecranon fossa
==Forearm flexed: coronoid process enters coronoid fossa |
| The Forearm-antebrachium | Consists of 2 long bones: ulna & radius |
| Radius | Articulations
Ulnar notch:
distal end
articulates w/ wrist & radius
Styloid process:
stabilizes wrist joint |
| Wrist | 8 carpal bones: |
| Hands | =5 Metacarpal Bones
long bones of the hand
Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial
Articulate with proximal phalanges
=Phalanges
Pollex (thumb):
2 phalanges (proximal, distal)
Fingers:
3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) |
| Hipbones - Os Coxae | Made up of 3 fused bones:
ilium
ischium
pubis
Acetabulum - hip socket
articulates with head of femur |
| Marks of Os coxae | Marks
=Obturator foramen:
formed by ischial and pubic rami
attaches hip muscles
=Pubic symphysis:
gap between pubic tubercles
padded with fibrocartilage |
| The Pelvis | Consists of 2 ossa coxae, sacrum, & coccyx |
| What two things bind at the pelvis? | appendicular and axial |
| True Pelvis | Perineum region:
inferior edges of true pelvis
Pelvic brim:
upper edge of true pelvis
encloses pelvic inlet |
| Childbearing Modifications | Due to above, female pelvis is smoother & lighter
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broad pubic angle (> 100°)
Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
Wide, circular pelvic inlet
Broad, low pelvis
Ilia project laterally, not upwards |
| Femur | Proximal Epiphysis
Femoral head:
articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
Neck
narrow area between head & trochanters |
| Shaft of femur | Linea aspera:
most prominent ridge of shaft
attaches hip muscles |
| patella | Base attaches quadriceps femoris
Apex attaches patellar ligament |
| tibia | Proximal Epiphysis
Medial and lateral tibial condyles
articulate with medial & lateral condyles of femur
Tibial tuberosity: attaches patellar ligament |
| tibia shaft | Shaft
Anterior margin: sharp ridge of shinbone |
| Distal epiphysis of tibia | Medial malleolus: medial projection at ankle |
| Fibula | Interosseous membrane:
binds fibula to tibia
Lateral malleolus:
lateral projection of ankle |
| Interosseous membrane happens also where? | ulna and radius |
| Ankle | of 7 tarsal bones |
| feet | 5 metatarsal bones:
long bones of foot
numbered I–V, medial to lateral
Articulate with toes
phalanges:
bones of the toes
hallux: big toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)
Other 4 toes: 3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal) |
| Arm proximal epiphysis | separated by intertubercular groove:
greater tubercle:
lateral
forms tip of shoulder
lesser tubercle:
anterior, medial |
