Question | Answer |
文型 (読み) | ぶんけい (漢字) |
ぶんけい (意味) | sentence pattern (Translate to Japanese) |
英訳 (読み) | えいやく (漢字) |
えいやく (意味) | English translation (Translate to Japanese) |
~なければ{いけない/ならない}; ~なくては{いけない/ならない} | have to; must; should |
{なくては/なければ}いけない vs. ならない | ならない commonly used to state one's own sense of obligation. いけない commonly used when the sense of obligation is directed toward the hearer. |
{なくては/なければ} ならない | ならない can be omitted |
なければ casual conversation form | なきゃ |
なくては casual conversation form | なくちゃ |
{なくては/なければ}ならない casual conversation form | なんない |
~など | indicates that the given list is not exhaustive. When more than one item is listed, や is commonly used to connect them. |
N1 や N2 など | N1, N2, and others; N1, N2, etc.; N1 and N2 among others |
N1 や N2 などのN3 | N3 such as N1 and N2; N3 like N1 and N2 |
N1 や N2 など、 N3 | N3 such as N1 and N2; N3 like N1 and N2 |
~など、文型(ぶんけい, sentence pattern) | N1やN2など({は/も/が/を/に/の/etc.}) (N1 and N2 can be words or phrases as in a book example.) |
Xは~の一つだ | describes X while indicating that it is not the only example, object, person, etc. |
Xは~の一つだ, 英訳 | X is one of the ~ |
Xは~の一つだ、文型 | NはNPの{一つ/一人}だ。 |
Noun にとって | If Noun is X, means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important to X, or is necessary, useful, good, difficult, etc. for X, X is often a person, a geographic unit or an organization. |
Nounの代わりに | After the に, presents something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone that comes before the の. |
Nounの代わりに, additional note | When the context is clear, Noun の can be omitted. |
~ため(に) | Preceded by a noun or the non-past form of a verb. Indicates either 1. Purpose or 2. Reason; cause 3. Benefit. |
~ため(に)1, 英訳 | in order to; to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of |
~ため(に)2, 英訳 | because; due to |
~ため(に)2, further note | Can be replaced by ~から or ~ので, which are less formal than ~ために. |
AかBか | either A or B; whether A or B. Presents alternatives. |
AかBか + case particle | usually the second か is dropped |
case particle | e.g. が, を, へ, に, で, と |
ようになる | indicates a gradual change of a certain period of time; it means that someone (or something) comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot) do something. |
V - ないようになる | same as V - なくなる but more gradual |
ようにする | to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to |
~必要[読み:ひつよう]{がある/はない} | This phrase is used to indicate the necessity of doing something. は is common with a ngative ending. |
~必要[読み:ひつよう]{がある/はない}, 文型 | V-plain.non-past 必要{がある/はない} |
場合[読み:ばあい] | case, occasion, situation |
~場合[読み:ばあい](は/には) | when; if; in case |
~場合[読み:ばあい](は/には), type | adverbial phrase/clause |
~場合[読み:ばあい](は/には), sometimes equivalent word to 場合 | 時 when referring to a "case, occasion, or situation" not a specific time (like after you went somewhere) |
A{では・じゃ}なく(て)B | indicates that a certain piece of information is wrong and, following that, to present the correct information. |