Question | Answer | |
Microbiology | study of microorganisms | study of microorganisms |
Microorganisms (microbes) | organisms that are too small to be seen with naked eye | organisms that are too small to be seen with naked eye |
Many microbes are helpful | -basis for food chains in aquatic environments
-breakdown waste in soil
-play roles in photosynthesis
-aid in synthesis of vitamins in humans
-Few are pathogenic (disease-causing) | -produce: ethanol, acetone, vinegar, cheese, bread, cellulose & insulin |
Disease | condition of the body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning | is a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs |
Microbes are divided into 6 subgroups | bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, viruses & algae | bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, viruses & algae |
Prokaryotes | lack a nucleus/ internal membrane bound structures | bacteria & archaea are prokaryotes |
Eukaryotes | have nucleus/ organelles are membrane bound | fungi, protozoa & algae are Eukaryotes |
Viruses are | acellular (no cell)
-extremely smaller than bacteria | they are only nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in protein |
Bacteria | Have several shapes like rods, spherical, helical, stars, commas or square | -can move
-can live in temperatures of 20°C & some can live in temperatures of 110°C
-can survive in extreme acid or alkalinity |
Archaea | Prokaryote that resemble bacteria superficially | they can live in extreme environments |
Methanogens | make methane as waste product | a methane forming archaea |
Extreme halophiles | live in extremely salty environments (Great Salt Lake & Dead Sea) | |
Extreme thermophiles | live in hot sulfurous waters (Yellowstone National Park)
Not known to cause disease in humans | |
Algae | are Eukaryotes
-unicellular & microscopic or many cells macroscopic
- | Live in in fresh & salt water environments |
Fungi | -Eukaryote | Ex: Molds & mushrooms are multicellular (more than one cell)
-Yeasts are unicellular (one cell) |
Protozoa | -Unicellular eukaryotes
- superficially animal like, non photosynthetic & usually motile | -May be motile via pseudopods (false feet), cilia or flagella
-Causes diseases like malaria & African sleeping sickness |
Viruses | -are not cells but particles of nucleic acid, Consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat
-Some are enclosed in lipid (fat) envelope | ex: Mad cow disease & scrapie |
Prions | causes rare neurological diseases ex mad cow disease scrapie in sheep | -
chemically & structurally simple like viruses
-are infectious proteins
-smaller agents that viruses |
Helminths | parasitic worms; two types
Flatworms; ex. tapeworms
Roundworms; ex. hookworms | parasitic worms; two types
Flatworms; ex. tapeworms |
parasitic worms; two types | Flatworms; ex. tapeworms
Roundworms; ex. hookworms | Flatworms; ex. tapeworms
Roundworms; ex. hookworms |
Robert Hooke | reported that living things were composed of little boxes (cells) after viewing thin slices of cork through crude microscope | reported that living things were composed of little boxes (cells) after viewing thin slices of cork through crude microscope |
Rudolf Virchow | said cells arise from preexisting cells
Cell theory | |
Cell theory | all living things are composed of cells & come from preexisting cells | |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek | described live microorganisms & made detailed drawings of “animalcules” from rainwater, feces & material from teeth scrapings | discovered microorganisms |
Spontaneous generation | hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; “vital force” forms life | Pasteur disproved this theory with germ theory of disease |
Biogenesis | hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life | |
Louis Pasteur major contribution to science | -principles of vaccination
-first vaccines for rabies and anthrax
-pasteurization
-Unethical clinical trials and some practices | -germ theory of disease |
Diffraction | Light rays bends when they pass near an opaque object or rays passing through a small opening | |
Resolution | The capacity to perceive 2 adjacent parts of an image as distinct | |
Diffraction | phenomena occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. | |
Mordant | Compounds or treatments that intensify staining reactions | |
Refraction | Bending that occurs when a ray of light enters an object with a different density at an angle | |
Magnification | enlargement of image | |
culture (o) | The growing of microorganisms, tissue cells, or other living matter in a specially prepared nutrient medium. | |
colony (b) | A clone of cells large enough to be visible on a solid medium | |
Colony | discrete group of organisms, as a collection of bacteria in a culture | |
Pure Culture | A culture that contains only one kind of organism; | |
Pure Culture | one consisting of a single type of microbe derived from a single cell | |
inoculum | is a substance introduced into the body to create or increase the body's resistance or immunity to a disease. | is a substance introduced into the body to create or increase the body's resistance or immunity to a disease. |
serial dilutions | | |
obligate aerobes | Organisms that grow in the presence of O2 | |
microaerophile | microorganisms that need lower concentrations of O2 than present in the air | |
facultative anaerobe | Organisms that uses O2 to grow when it is available but can grow with out it | |
areotolerant anaerobe | | |
obligate anaerobe | Organisms that grow in the absence of O2 | |
types of lens that are used in a microscope | | |
differential stain is used for | involve 3 steps: primary staining, destaining, and counter staining | |
special stain | | |
Gram stain is used for | a type of differential stain, distinguishing between gram + and -bacteriareflecting differences in their outer surfaces. | |
acid-fast stain is used for | is a difertial stain that colors mycobacteria and actinomycetes. | |
Gram stain steps | | |
acid fast stain steps | | |
Gram stain results | results red for mycobacteria | all other blue |
agar are used for | | |
petri dishes are used for | | |
Defined media | media composed of pure ingredients in carefully measured concentrations dissolved. The exact chemical composition of the medium is known. | Typically, they contain a simple sugar as the carbon and energy source, an inorganic nitrogen source, various mineral salts and if necessary growth factors (purified amino acids, vitamins, purines and pyrimidines |
Complex media | is one in which the exact contents are not known, can be liquid or solid | is one in which the exact contents are not known, can be liquid or solid |
Differential media | culture media that enable microbiologist to readily differentiate one organism or group from another | culture media that enable microbiologist to readily differentiate one organism or group from another |
Selective media | a culture medium that allows a certain organism or group of organisms to grow while inhibiting growth of all other organisms | a culture medium that allows a certain organism or group of organisms to grow while inhibiting growth of all other organisms |
Contrast | difference in light intensity | |
Archaea | Divided into 3 main groups: Methanogens,halophiles, Extreme thermophiles | |
Algae | -Use photosynthesis for energy
-Produce oxygen & their own food
-Eaten by other organisms | Important to global ecology but little importance to medicine |
Protozoa | ex: amoebae, flagellates, ciliates | |
Fungi | -Many are scavengers & breakdown dead organisms
Few are pathogenic to humans | pathogenic to plants ex: corn smut, wheat rust, potato blight |
parasitology | study of Protozoan | |
Viruses are | intracellular parasites | can infect animals, plants & microorganisms |
Viruses | Viruses are replicated only when they are in living host cell | -Very small, can only be seen with an electron microscope Consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat |
Robert Koch | studied and help isolate typhus, dysentery, syphilis, gonorrhea pneumonia, tb | -proved specific microorganisms cause specific disease
-used agar to obtain a pure culture |
Edward Jenner | made vaccine for small pox | made vaccine for small pox |
germ theory of disease | developed by Robert Koch | microorganisms cause infectious diseases and specific microorganisms cause specific diseases |
Simple Stains | uses only one dye | uses only one dye |
Dilute | make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it. | make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it. |
Serial Dilutions | multiple step dilutions | multiple step dilutions |
Inoculate | The process of introducing an antigenic substance or vaccine into the body to trigger immune response against a specific disease. | The process of introducing an antigenic substance or vaccine into the body to trigger immune response against a specific disease. |
incubate | have an infectious disease developing inside one before symptoms appear. | have an infectious disease developing inside one before symptoms appear. |
Enrichment culture | culture media that enable microbiologist to isolate fastidious organisms from samples or specimens and grow them in the lab | culture media that enable microbiologist to isolate fastidious organisms from samples or specimens and grow them in the lab |
Selective- Differential media | Selective & Differential combined and used to detect salmonella and shigella | Selective & Differential combined and used to detect salmonella and shigella |
Aerotolerant anaerobe | Aerotololerant anaerobe An organism that live in the presents in O2 but grows best without it | Aerotololerant anaerobe An organism that live in the presents in O2 but grows best without it |
Strict aerobes | are organisms that require O2 | are organisms that require O2 |
Facultative anaerobes | use O2 when available but can do without it | use O2 when available but can do without it |
Microaerophiles | need low concentrations of O2 | need low concentrations of O2 |
what are cellular appendages | structures attached to the envelope and extending beyond the cell | structures attached to the envelope and extending beyond the cell |
Three commonshapes for bacteria is | spirili- spiral shaped, cocci- round shaped and bascilli- rod shaped | spirili- spiral shaped, cocci- round shaped and bascilli- rod shaped |
Active Transport | Movement of molecules against concentration requires energy, ATP | movement of a substance against the gradient using energy |
Pathogens | Disease causing Microorganisms | Disease causing Microorganisms |