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MicroBiology
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Microbiology | study of microorganisms | study of microorganisms |
| Microorganisms (microbes) | organisms that are too small to be seen with naked eye | organisms that are too small to be seen with naked eye |
| Many microbes are helpful | -basis for food chains in aquatic environments -breakdown waste in soil -play roles in photosynthesis -aid in synthesis of vitamins in humans -Few are pathogenic (disease-causing) | -produce: ethanol, acetone, vinegar, cheese, bread, cellulose & insulin |
| Disease | condition of the body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning | is a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs |
| Microbes are divided into 6 subgroups | bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, viruses & algae | bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, viruses & algae |
| Prokaryotes | lack a nucleus/ internal membrane bound structures | bacteria & archaea are prokaryotes |
| Eukaryotes | have nucleus/ organelles are membrane bound | fungi, protozoa & algae are Eukaryotes |
| Viruses are | acellular (no cell) -extremely smaller than bacteria | they are only nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in protein |
| Bacteria | Have several shapes like rods, spherical, helical, stars, commas or square | -can move -can live in temperatures of 20°C & some can live in temperatures of 110°C -can survive in extreme acid or alkalinity |
| Archaea | Prokaryote that resemble bacteria superficially | they can live in extreme environments |
| Methanogens | make methane as waste product | a methane forming archaea |
| Extreme halophiles | live in extremely salty environments (Great Salt Lake & Dead Sea) | |
| Extreme thermophiles | live in hot sulfurous waters (Yellowstone National Park) Not known to cause disease in humans | |
| Algae | are Eukaryotes -unicellular & microscopic or many cells macroscopic - | Live in in fresh & salt water environments |
| Fungi | -Eukaryote | Ex: Molds & mushrooms are multicellular (more than one cell) -Yeasts are unicellular (one cell) |
| Protozoa | -Unicellular eukaryotes - superficially animal like, non photosynthetic & usually motile | -May be motile via pseudopods (false feet), cilia or flagella -Causes diseases like malaria & African sleeping sickness |
| Viruses | -are not cells but particles of nucleic acid, Consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat -Some are enclosed in lipid (fat) envelope | ex: Mad cow disease & scrapie |
| Prions | causes rare neurological diseases ex mad cow disease scrapie in sheep | - chemically & structurally simple like viruses -are infectious proteins -smaller agents that viruses |
| Helminths | parasitic worms; two types Flatworms; ex. tapeworms Roundworms; ex. hookworms | parasitic worms; two types Flatworms; ex. tapeworms |
| parasitic worms; two types | Flatworms; ex. tapeworms Roundworms; ex. hookworms | Flatworms; ex. tapeworms Roundworms; ex. hookworms |
| Robert Hooke | reported that living things were composed of little boxes (cells) after viewing thin slices of cork through crude microscope | reported that living things were composed of little boxes (cells) after viewing thin slices of cork through crude microscope |
| Rudolf Virchow | said cells arise from preexisting cells Cell theory | |
| Cell theory | all living things are composed of cells & come from preexisting cells | |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | described live microorganisms & made detailed drawings of “animalcules” from rainwater, feces & material from teeth scrapings | discovered microorganisms |
| Spontaneous generation | hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; “vital force” forms life | Pasteur disproved this theory with germ theory of disease |
| Biogenesis | hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life | |
| Louis Pasteur major contribution to science | -principles of vaccination -first vaccines for rabies and anthrax -pasteurization -Unethical clinical trials and some practices | -germ theory of disease |
| Diffraction | Light rays bends when they pass near an opaque object or rays passing through a small opening | |
| Resolution | The capacity to perceive 2 adjacent parts of an image as distinct | |
| Diffraction | phenomena occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. | |
| Mordant | Compounds or treatments that intensify staining reactions | |
| Refraction | Bending that occurs when a ray of light enters an object with a different density at an angle | |
| Magnification | enlargement of image | |
| culture (o) | The growing of microorganisms, tissue cells, or other living matter in a specially prepared nutrient medium. | |
| colony (b) | A clone of cells large enough to be visible on a solid medium | |
| Colony | discrete group of organisms, as a collection of bacteria in a culture | |
| Pure Culture | A culture that contains only one kind of organism; | |
| Pure Culture | one consisting of a single type of microbe derived from a single cell | |
| inoculum | is a substance introduced into the body to create or increase the body's resistance or immunity to a disease. | is a substance introduced into the body to create or increase the body's resistance or immunity to a disease. |
| serial dilutions | ||
| obligate aerobes | Organisms that grow in the presence of O2 | |
| microaerophile | microorganisms that need lower concentrations of O2 than present in the air | |
| facultative anaerobe | Organisms that uses O2 to grow when it is available but can grow with out it | |
| areotolerant anaerobe | ||
| obligate anaerobe | Organisms that grow in the absence of O2 | |
| types of lens that are used in a microscope | ||
| differential stain is used for | involve 3 steps: primary staining, destaining, and counter staining | |
| special stain | ||
| Gram stain is used for | a type of differential stain, distinguishing between gram + and -bacteriareflecting differences in their outer surfaces. | |
| acid-fast stain is used for | is a difertial stain that colors mycobacteria and actinomycetes. | |
| Gram stain steps | ||
| acid fast stain steps | ||
| Gram stain results | results red for mycobacteria | all other blue |
| agar are used for | ||
| petri dishes are used for | ||
| Defined media | media composed of pure ingredients in carefully measured concentrations dissolved. The exact chemical composition of the medium is known. | Typically, they contain a simple sugar as the carbon and energy source, an inorganic nitrogen source, various mineral salts and if necessary growth factors (purified amino acids, vitamins, purines and pyrimidines |
| Complex media | is one in which the exact contents are not known, can be liquid or solid | is one in which the exact contents are not known, can be liquid or solid |
| Differential media | culture media that enable microbiologist to readily differentiate one organism or group from another | culture media that enable microbiologist to readily differentiate one organism or group from another |
| Selective media | a culture medium that allows a certain organism or group of organisms to grow while inhibiting growth of all other organisms | a culture medium that allows a certain organism or group of organisms to grow while inhibiting growth of all other organisms |
| Contrast | difference in light intensity | |
| Archaea | Divided into 3 main groups: Methanogens,halophiles, Extreme thermophiles | |
| Algae | -Use photosynthesis for energy -Produce oxygen & their own food -Eaten by other organisms | Important to global ecology but little importance to medicine |
| Protozoa | ex: amoebae, flagellates, ciliates | |
| Fungi | -Many are scavengers & breakdown dead organisms Few are pathogenic to humans | pathogenic to plants ex: corn smut, wheat rust, potato blight |
| parasitology | study of Protozoan | |
| Viruses are | intracellular parasites | can infect animals, plants & microorganisms |
| Viruses | Viruses are replicated only when they are in living host cell | -Very small, can only be seen with an electron microscope Consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat |
| Robert Koch | studied and help isolate typhus, dysentery, syphilis, gonorrhea pneumonia, tb | -proved specific microorganisms cause specific disease -used agar to obtain a pure culture |
| Edward Jenner | made vaccine for small pox | made vaccine for small pox |
| germ theory of disease | developed by Robert Koch | microorganisms cause infectious diseases and specific microorganisms cause specific diseases |
| Simple Stains | uses only one dye | uses only one dye |
| Dilute | make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it. | make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it. |
| Serial Dilutions | multiple step dilutions | multiple step dilutions |
| Inoculate | The process of introducing an antigenic substance or vaccine into the body to trigger immune response against a specific disease. | The process of introducing an antigenic substance or vaccine into the body to trigger immune response against a specific disease. |
| incubate | have an infectious disease developing inside one before symptoms appear. | have an infectious disease developing inside one before symptoms appear. |
| Enrichment culture | culture media that enable microbiologist to isolate fastidious organisms from samples or specimens and grow them in the lab | culture media that enable microbiologist to isolate fastidious organisms from samples or specimens and grow them in the lab |
| Selective- Differential media | Selective & Differential combined and used to detect salmonella and shigella | Selective & Differential combined and used to detect salmonella and shigella |
| Aerotolerant anaerobe | Aerotololerant anaerobe An organism that live in the presents in O2 but grows best without it | Aerotololerant anaerobe An organism that live in the presents in O2 but grows best without it |
| Strict aerobes | are organisms that require O2 | are organisms that require O2 |
| Facultative anaerobes | use O2 when available but can do without it | use O2 when available but can do without it |
| Microaerophiles | need low concentrations of O2 | need low concentrations of O2 |
| what are cellular appendages | structures attached to the envelope and extending beyond the cell | structures attached to the envelope and extending beyond the cell |
| Three commonshapes for bacteria is | spirili- spiral shaped, cocci- round shaped and bascilli- rod shaped | spirili- spiral shaped, cocci- round shaped and bascilli- rod shaped |
| Active Transport | Movement of molecules against concentration requires energy, ATP | movement of a substance against the gradient using energy |
| Pathogens | Disease causing Microorganisms | Disease causing Microorganisms |
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