Question | Answer | Answer | Answer |
Alopecia | Loss of hair resulting from destruction of hair follicles | | |
Autologous | Something that has its origin within an individual | especially a factor present in tissues or fluids | |
Benign | Not recurring or progressive; opposite of malignant | | |
Cachexia | General ill health and malnutrition marked by weakness and emaciation | usually associated with serious disease such as cancer | |
Carcinogen | Substance known to increase the risk of development of cancer | | |
Carcinogenesis | Various factors that are possible origins of cancer | | |
Carcinoma | The term used for a malignant tumor composed of epithelial cells; it displays a tendency to metastasize | | |
Differentiated | Describes a tumor that is most like the parent tissue | | |
Immunosurveillance | The immune system's recognition and destruction of newly developed abnormal cells | | |
Leukopenia | abnormal decrease in the number of WBC to fewer than 5000 cells/MM 3 due to depression of the bone marrow | | |
Malignant | Growing worse, resisting treatment; said of cancerous growths. | tending or threatening to reduce death; harmful | |
Metastasize | The process by which tumor cells are spread to distant parts of the body | | |
Neoplasm | Uncontrolled or abnormal growth of cells | | |
Oncology | The sum of knowledge regarding tumors | the branch of medicine that deals with the study of tumors | |
Palliative | Designed to relieve pain and distress and to control the signs and symptoms of disease | not designed to produce a cure | |
Papanicolaou's Test (PAPsmear) | A simple smear method of examining stained exfoliative cells | used most commonly to detect cancers of the cervix | |
Sarcoma | Malignant tumor of connective tissues such as muscle or bone | usually presents as a painless swelling | |
Stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth due to deconstruction abnormal cells of the oral cavity that may result from infection | infection by bacteria, viruses, or fungi from exposure to certain chemicals or drugs, vitamin deficiency, or systemic inflammatory disease | |
Thrombocytopenia | An abnormal hematologic condition in which the number of platelets is reduced to fewer than 100,000/MM 3 | | |
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) | Oncologic emergency that occurs with rapid lysis of malignant cells | most frequently associated with chemotherapy treatment | |
Lung cancer | Leading cause of cancer related death in both men and women | | |
incisional biopsy | Removal of a portion of tissue for examination | | |
excisional biopsy | Is the removal of the complete lesion, with little or no margin of surrounding normal tissue removed | | |
Needle aspiration biopsy | The aspiration of fluid or tissue by means of needle | | |
endoscope | To directly visualize an internal structure through a body cavity or a small incision | | |
TNM classification system | T- tumor size | N-degree of regional spread to the lymph nodes | M- metastasis |
CT computed tomography | Scan uses radiographs and computed scanning system to record images of specific structures at different angles | | |
Radioisotope | Studies require the injection or ingestion of a radioactive substance | | |
MRI magnetic resonance imaging | Radiofrequency energy waves produce signals that are processed by computer and displayed | no metal, jewelry, pacemaker, rods | |
PET positive emission tomography | Radioactive chemical is given to patient | useful to visualize fast-growing tumors and to specify their anatomical location | |
Alkaline phosphatase blood levels | Elevated if there is metastasis in the bone or liver | | |
Serum calcitonin levels | Is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland | level is increased in the blood of people who have cancer of the thyroid | |
Guaiac test | Commonly used to detect OCCULT hidden blood in stools | | |
Radiation therapy | Can be used to cure or control cancer that has spread to local lymph nodes | to treat tumors that cannot be removed | |
External radiation therapy | The specific area on the body is marked to indicate the port at which external radiation will be direct; do not wash off; do not use ointments lotions or powder; stay out of direct sunlight | | |
Internal radiation therapy | radioactive implant is the insertion of a sealed radioactive material temporarily or permanently into hollow cavities, within body tissues, or on the body's surface | uterus and vagina are natural receptacles for placement | |
Internal radiation therapy 2 | Unsealed internal radiation is administered intravenously or orally | that it is distributed throughout the patient's body | |
Chemotherapy | drugs are used to reduce the size or slow the growth of metastatic cancer | | |
Leukopenia - hematopoietic system | Reduction in the number of circulating WBCs due to depression of the bone marrow | common problem for patients receiving chemotherapy | |
Neutropenia | Lack of neutrophils, the type of WBCs most often suppressed in the differential WBC count normal value 60% to 70% ; | the body's 1st line of defense collapses opening the way for pneumonia septicemia | or other overwhelming infections |
Assessing the mouth | Stomatitis inflammation of oral mucosa, severe swallowing problems and systemic infections, lesions, ulcers, or white plaque | soft toothbrush no over-the-counter mouthwash | |
Assessing the skin | A rash or eruption may indicate that the patient has an infection or is predisposed to 1, shave with electric razor | bacteria may flourish in skin folds such as groin and axillae | |
Assessing pulmonary function | Change in lung sounds, respiratory rate and rhythm, breathing effort | perform deep breathing and coughing exercises and use of incentives spirometry | |
Assessing urinary and bowel function | Neutropenic patient, assessment decreased urinary output, changes in the urine odor or color, hematuria, or glycosuria | reduce the risk of urinary tract infection avoid bladder catheterization | |
Medical management | Neutropenia CSF - colony stimulating factors, actually prevent or manage neutropenia G-CSF- filgrastim, pegfilgrstim | GM-CSF= granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factors | |
Anemia | Reduction of the number of circulating RBCs, hemoglobin, volume of packed RBCs(hematocrit) due to depression of the bone marrow | | |
Thrombocytopenia | Reduction in the number of circulating platelets due to depression of the bone marrow | use soft tb; no rectal meds, temps or enemas; use electric shaver; | avoid blowing nose forcefully a.k.a. picking; avoid trauma, falls, bumps, cuts, sports; avoid aspirin |
Allogenic | marrow from a donor | | |
Syngenic | donor from identical twin | | |
Unrelated | donation from a non-relative | | |
Autologous | pts own , treated with chemo/radiation then re-infused | | |
obtaining donor marrow | anterior crest & sternum iliac crest; 600-2500 ml needed for transplant | given through IV transfusion bag, maybe be frozen up to 3 yrs | |
Xerostomia | Decreased salivation | | |