Question | Answer |
Evolution | changes in populations over time |
Biocultural Approach | Interaction between culture & biologyex: sex drive- how we deal withsocial structure- infantspopulation growth- birth control |
Holistic | uses info from all subfeilds to draw conclusions & attempt to answer questions |
Adaptation | change in response to enviromental changes.*adaptations can be enviromentally specific |
Adaptation Types: | 1. Cultural ex: technology2. Biological-physiological: sweating-genetic: skin color |
subfeilds of anthroplogy (4) | 1.Cultural-study of human culture2.Linguistic- study of language3.Archaeology- study past cultures4. Physical/Biological- study of humans & closest relatives |
Ethenography | study of a specific culture |
Ethnology | comparative study of many cultures |
Sociolingustics | why do people speak differently? |
areas of study within physical anthroplogy | 1.Human variation2.Growth & Development3.Osteology- study of human skeleton4.Primatology- study of non-human primates5.Paleoanthropology- study fossils |
Fact | verifiable observale truth |
Theory | a set of supported hypothoses |
Hypothosis | a testable explaination for the observed facts |
Scientific Method | Observe a fact -> construct a hypothosis -> test hypothosis |
Natural Selection | Those traits deemed best "fit" over time become over-represented1.Physical & behavioral variation2.Excessive fecundity (competition)3.Advantageous traits4.Population will change over time |
Fixity of Species | Scale of perfection, supreme being created earth in curent form |
Chain of Being/ Scalae Natura | all forms of life can be ranked in order from the most important to the least important. |
Linnaeus | "father of taxonomy"-system of classification by grouping together oraganisims with similar anatomical structures (systema naturae)*caused scientific revolution*beleived in fixity of nature |
Cuvier | 1.Catastrophism2.did not beleive species change but some catastrophe killed old life forms3.palenotologist |
Erasmus Darwin | 1.all life derived from a single ancestor2.orgnisims change to fit the enviroment |
Lamarck | 1.1st to try to explain evolution2.realized species can change |
Lyell | 1.Prinicples of Geology2.Uniformitarianism- earth must be millions of years old, & is constantly changing over slow, gradual time. |
Charles Darwin | 1.Orogins of Species, impacted by Lyell.2.evolution via natural selection3.reproductive success->if heritable->natural selection->evolution |
Malthus | Excessive Fecundity-reproduce faster then food source |
Wallace | corrospondent to Darwin who came up with the same theory. |
Reproductive Sucess (Fitness) | measure of the number of suriving offspring an organism has. |
Seletive Pressures | enviromental changes causing a population to evolve |
Observed Examples of Evolution | 1. industrialazation & moth color2. housefly resistance to DDT. |
Directional Selection | "fitness" shifts in one direction or another. |
Stabalizing Selection | narrower curve, natural selectionis working against the extremes |
Diversifying Selection | working against the average, two "humps" |
Founder Effect | "population Bottlenecking" surviving populations genes get passed |
Mutation | having more/less of the diploid/haploid #, random alteration of genes, occurs in gametes |
Natural Slection | works off variation |
Hardy-Wineburg equilibrium | If one assumption is broken it shows where to look1.mating is random2.no mutation3.no natural selection4.no migration5.large populations |
Microevolution | changes from on generation to the next |
Macroevolution | can change radically over long period of time |
gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
genetic drift | population split |
misconceptions about evolution | bigger not necessarily better |
preformation | every sperm had a tiny human to be implanted in womb to grow |
blending | offspring is an average of the parents |
Pangenesis | Darwin, gemmules floating in your body effected by you then passes on to sex cells |
Mendel | preist, studied inheratence w/ a pea plant |
Parental generation (P1) | cross pollinate TRUE BREEDING |
First filial generation (F1) | hybrids, observed trait is dominant |
Second filial generation (F2) | always 3:1, recessive phenyotype shows up |
Phenotype | external: physical trait that we can see |
genotype | internal: genetic makeup for a particular trait, genotype effects pheynotype & vice versa |
Priniple of Segregation | when a sex cell is formed whatever allels you have only one is passed. |
principles of independent assortment | each trait is inherated independently, can have recessive & dominant |
Homozygous dominant (EE) | 2 dominant allels |
heterozygous (Ee) | 1 dominant, 1 recessive |
homozygous recessive (ee) | 2 recessive allels |
dominant traits | anchondroplasia, btachydatyly, neurofibromatosis, marfan syndrome |
recessive traits | cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease, PKU, albinism |
Menedel Patterns of inheratence | pedigree-family trees |
Autosomal traits | dominant- passed evenly between a man & a women (heterozygotes)recessive- homozygous recessive |
Sex-Linked traits | affects only X chromosone |
polygenic inheretance | many genes effect just one |
Pleiotropy | one genes effects multiple phenotypes |
Founder Effect | "population Bottlenecking" surviving populations genes get passed |
Mutation | having more/less of the diploid/haploid #, random alteration of genes, occurs in gametes |
Natural Slection | works off variation |
Hardy-Wineburg equilibrium | If one assumption is broken it shows where to look1.mating is random2.no mutation3.no natural selection4.no migration5.large populations |
Microevolution | changes from on generation to the next |
Macroevolution | can change radically over long period of time |
gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
genetic drift | population split |
misconceptions about evolution | bigger not necessarily better |
preformation | every sperm had a tiny human to be implanted in womb to grow |
blending | offspring is an average of the parents |
Pangenesis | Darwin, gemmules floating in your body effected by you then passes on to sex cells |
Mendel | preist, studied inheratence w/ a pea plant |
Parental generation (P1) | cross pollinate TRUE BREEDING |
First filial generation (F1) | hybrids, observed trait is dominant |
Second filial generation (F2) | always 3:1, recessive phenyotype shows up |
Phenotype | external: physical trait that we can see |
genotype | internal: genetic makeup for a particular trait, genotype effects pheynotype & vice versa |
Priniple of Segregation | when a sex cell is formed whatever allels you have only one is passed. |
principles of independent assortment | each trait is inherated independently, can have recessive & dominant |
Homozygous dominant (EE) | 2 dominant allels |
heterozygous (Ee) | 1 dominant, 1 recessive |
homozygous recessive (ee) | 2 recessive allels |
dominant traits | anchondroplasia, btachydatyly, neurofibromatosis, marfan syndrome |
recessive traits | cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease, PKU, albinism |
Menedel Patterns of inheratence | pedigree-family trees |
Autosomal traits | dominant- passed evenly between a man & a women (heterozygotes)recessive- homozygous recessive |
Sex-Linked traits | affects only X chromosone |
polygenic inheretance | many genes effect just one |
Pleiotropy | one genes effects multiple phenotypes |
Modifying Gene | one gene alter another |
Regulatory gene | turn on or off other genes |
Incomplete penetrance | alelle not expressed depending on enviroment, genes for disease |
sex-limited traits | expressed by one sex only |
locus | place on chromosone where a specific gene occurs |
alleles | set of instruction for a gene, sequence of nucleotides |
function of the bone | 1.protect/support2.blood cell production3.storage for fat4.store impotant elements |
lever system | helped by ligaments & muscle |
types of joints | 1.synoviala.ball & socketb.hingec.saddle-shaped (thumb only)2.cartilaginous (between growth centers)3.fibrousa.cranial sutures |
Gross anatomy (shapes, types) | 1.tubular2.flat3.blocky-1.compact or cortical2.spongy or trabecular-perisostium (tissue to nourish bones) |
Molecular Structure | 1.collagen (protein)2.hydroxapatite (mineral, strength) |
Wolff's law (1869) | bone remodeleing, gain where nedded, lost where uneeded |
Bone histology | 1.immature2.mature, laid down in layers |
Long Bone parts | 1.epiphyses/ends2.diaphysis/shaft3.metaphyses/flared ends |
osteoblasts | make bone |
osteclasts | remove bone |
bone repair | 1.hemotoma2.fibrous callus3.osteoblasts respond |
bilogical sex | 1.size/shape variation2,skull3.pelvis |
geographic or population based | individual fetures, cranial variation, |
harris Lines | evidence of health insult on bones |
Osteoarthritis | arthritis in skeleton |
infectious diseases | leave proof on bones sometimes, pus |
anemias | coral lessions |
metabolic disorders | -rickets |