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Erhart ANTH 2414
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | changes in populations over time |
| Biocultural Approach | Interaction between culture & biologyex: sex drive- how we deal withsocial structure- infantspopulation growth- birth control |
| Holistic | uses info from all subfeilds to draw conclusions & attempt to answer questions |
| Adaptation | change in response to enviromental changes.*adaptations can be enviromentally specific |
| Adaptation Types: | 1. Cultural ex: technology2. Biological-physiological: sweating-genetic: skin color |
| subfeilds of anthroplogy (4) | 1.Cultural-study of human culture2.Linguistic- study of language3.Archaeology- study past cultures4. Physical/Biological- study of humans & closest relatives |
| Ethenography | study of a specific culture |
| Ethnology | comparative study of many cultures |
| Sociolingustics | why do people speak differently? |
| areas of study within physical anthroplogy | 1.Human variation2.Growth & Development3.Osteology- study of human skeleton4.Primatology- study of non-human primates5.Paleoanthropology- study fossils |
| Fact | verifiable observale truth |
| Theory | a set of supported hypothoses |
| Hypothosis | a testable explaination for the observed facts |
| Scientific Method | Observe a fact -> construct a hypothosis -> test hypothosis |
| Natural Selection | Those traits deemed best "fit" over time become over-represented1.Physical & behavioral variation2.Excessive fecundity (competition)3.Advantageous traits4.Population will change over time |
| Fixity of Species | Scale of perfection, supreme being created earth in curent form |
| Chain of Being/ Scalae Natura | all forms of life can be ranked in order from the most important to the least important. |
| Linnaeus | "father of taxonomy"-system of classification by grouping together oraganisims with similar anatomical structures (systema naturae)*caused scientific revolution*beleived in fixity of nature |
| Cuvier | 1.Catastrophism2.did not beleive species change but some catastrophe killed old life forms3.palenotologist |
| Erasmus Darwin | 1.all life derived from a single ancestor2.orgnisims change to fit the enviroment |
| Lamarck | 1.1st to try to explain evolution2.realized species can change |
| Lyell | 1.Prinicples of Geology2.Uniformitarianism- earth must be millions of years old, & is constantly changing over slow, gradual time. |
| Charles Darwin | 1.Orogins of Species, impacted by Lyell.2.evolution via natural selection3.reproductive success->if heritable->natural selection->evolution |
| Malthus | Excessive Fecundity-reproduce faster then food source |
| Wallace | corrospondent to Darwin who came up with the same theory. |
| Reproductive Sucess (Fitness) | measure of the number of suriving offspring an organism has. |
| Seletive Pressures | enviromental changes causing a population to evolve |
| Observed Examples of Evolution | 1. industrialazation & moth color2. housefly resistance to DDT. |
| Directional Selection | "fitness" shifts in one direction or another. |
| Stabalizing Selection | narrower curve, natural selectionis working against the extremes |
| Diversifying Selection | working against the average, two "humps" |
| Founder Effect | "population Bottlenecking" surviving populations genes get passed |
| Mutation | having more/less of the diploid/haploid #, random alteration of genes, occurs in gametes |
| Natural Slection | works off variation |
| Hardy-Wineburg equilibrium | If one assumption is broken it shows where to look1.mating is random2.no mutation3.no natural selection4.no migration5.large populations |
| Microevolution | changes from on generation to the next |
| Macroevolution | can change radically over long period of time |
| gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
| genetic drift | population split |
| misconceptions about evolution | bigger not necessarily better |
| preformation | every sperm had a tiny human to be implanted in womb to grow |
| blending | offspring is an average of the parents |
| Pangenesis | Darwin, gemmules floating in your body effected by you then passes on to sex cells |
| Mendel | preist, studied inheratence w/ a pea plant |
| Parental generation (P1) | cross pollinate TRUE BREEDING |
| First filial generation (F1) | hybrids, observed trait is dominant |
| Second filial generation (F2) | always 3:1, recessive phenyotype shows up |
| Phenotype | external: physical trait that we can see |
| genotype | internal: genetic makeup for a particular trait, genotype effects pheynotype & vice versa |
| Priniple of Segregation | when a sex cell is formed whatever allels you have only one is passed. |
| principles of independent assortment | each trait is inherated independently, can have recessive & dominant |
| Homozygous dominant (EE) | 2 dominant allels |
| heterozygous (Ee) | 1 dominant, 1 recessive |
| homozygous recessive (ee) | 2 recessive allels |
| dominant traits | anchondroplasia, btachydatyly, neurofibromatosis, marfan syndrome |
| recessive traits | cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease, PKU, albinism |
| Menedel Patterns of inheratence | pedigree-family trees |
| Autosomal traits | dominant- passed evenly between a man & a women (heterozygotes)recessive- homozygous recessive |
| Sex-Linked traits | affects only X chromosone |
| polygenic inheretance | many genes effect just one |
| Pleiotropy | one genes effects multiple phenotypes |
| Founder Effect | "population Bottlenecking" surviving populations genes get passed |
| Mutation | having more/less of the diploid/haploid #, random alteration of genes, occurs in gametes |
| Natural Slection | works off variation |
| Hardy-Wineburg equilibrium | If one assumption is broken it shows where to look1.mating is random2.no mutation3.no natural selection4.no migration5.large populations |
| Microevolution | changes from on generation to the next |
| Macroevolution | can change radically over long period of time |
| gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
| genetic drift | population split |
| misconceptions about evolution | bigger not necessarily better |
| preformation | every sperm had a tiny human to be implanted in womb to grow |
| blending | offspring is an average of the parents |
| Pangenesis | Darwin, gemmules floating in your body effected by you then passes on to sex cells |
| Mendel | preist, studied inheratence w/ a pea plant |
| Parental generation (P1) | cross pollinate TRUE BREEDING |
| First filial generation (F1) | hybrids, observed trait is dominant |
| Second filial generation (F2) | always 3:1, recessive phenyotype shows up |
| Phenotype | external: physical trait that we can see |
| genotype | internal: genetic makeup for a particular trait, genotype effects pheynotype & vice versa |
| Priniple of Segregation | when a sex cell is formed whatever allels you have only one is passed. |
| principles of independent assortment | each trait is inherated independently, can have recessive & dominant |
| Homozygous dominant (EE) | 2 dominant allels |
| heterozygous (Ee) | 1 dominant, 1 recessive |
| homozygous recessive (ee) | 2 recessive allels |
| dominant traits | anchondroplasia, btachydatyly, neurofibromatosis, marfan syndrome |
| recessive traits | cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease, PKU, albinism |
| Menedel Patterns of inheratence | pedigree-family trees |
| Autosomal traits | dominant- passed evenly between a man & a women (heterozygotes)recessive- homozygous recessive |
| Sex-Linked traits | affects only X chromosone |
| polygenic inheretance | many genes effect just one |
| Pleiotropy | one genes effects multiple phenotypes |
| Modifying Gene | one gene alter another |
| Regulatory gene | turn on or off other genes |
| Incomplete penetrance | alelle not expressed depending on enviroment, genes for disease |
| sex-limited traits | expressed by one sex only |
| locus | place on chromosone where a specific gene occurs |
| alleles | set of instruction for a gene, sequence of nucleotides |
| function of the bone | 1.protect/support2.blood cell production3.storage for fat4.store impotant elements |
| lever system | helped by ligaments & muscle |
| types of joints | 1.synoviala.ball & socketb.hingec.saddle-shaped (thumb only)2.cartilaginous (between growth centers)3.fibrousa.cranial sutures |
| Gross anatomy (shapes, types) | 1.tubular2.flat3.blocky-1.compact or cortical2.spongy or trabecular-perisostium (tissue to nourish bones) |
| Molecular Structure | 1.collagen (protein)2.hydroxapatite (mineral, strength) |
| Wolff's law (1869) | bone remodeleing, gain where nedded, lost where uneeded |
| Bone histology | 1.immature2.mature, laid down in layers |
| Long Bone parts | 1.epiphyses/ends2.diaphysis/shaft3.metaphyses/flared ends |
| osteoblasts | make bone |
| osteclasts | remove bone |
| bone repair | 1.hemotoma2.fibrous callus3.osteoblasts respond |
| bilogical sex | 1.size/shape variation2,skull3.pelvis |
| geographic or population based | individual fetures, cranial variation, |
| harris Lines | evidence of health insult on bones |
| Osteoarthritis | arthritis in skeleton |
| infectious diseases | leave proof on bones sometimes, pus |
| anemias | coral lessions |
| metabolic disorders | -rickets |
Created by:
ar1356
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