Term | Definition |
Bacteria | single cell organism. Can carry out all the functions of life on its on in the right condition |
Identification of Bacteria | shape, cell wall structure, gram-positive, gram negative, aerobic and anaerobic |
Aerobic | Grows Only in the Presence of Oxygen |
Anaerobic | Grows Only in the Absence of Oxygen |
Spore Forming Pathogenic Bacteria | Bacillus family, Clostridium family |
Bacillus family | Anthrax |
Clostridium family | Tetanus, difficile, prefringens, botulism |
What Year Was the Electron Microscope Invented | 1941 |
Viruses | smallest known agent that cause disease infections usually self-limiting. They must've made a living cell in order to carry out the process life. |
Protozoa | single celled parasite the single celled parasite animals exist everywhere in nature in some form. |
Disease produce by Protozoa | Malaria, Africa sleeping disease, Amebic dysentery |
Fungi | fungi responsible for some of the most common disease in humans many are harmless but from all responsible for infections. Belonging to the plant kingdom |
Types of Fungal Infections | respiratory infections, thrush, barbers itch, Athlete's foot, Jock itch, ringworm |
Infectious Process progressive course | incubation. Pronominal stage illness stage, Convalescence |
Localized | Proper care controls the spread and minimized illness wound infection |
Systemic | infection that affects the entire body can be fatal |
Incubation Period | interval between invasion by pathogens appearance of first symptoms. can be contagious |
Prodromnal stage | From onset of nonspecific signs symptoms to appearance of more Pacific symptoms. |
Illness Stage | Signs/symptoms manifest which are specific to the infection. |
Convalescence | Acute symptoms resolve; health is returning to normal |
Inflammation | the protective response of body tissues to irritation, injury, or invasion by pathogen |
Cardinal signs of Inflammation: | Erythema,Edema,Heat,pain or tenderness, and Loss of function May be triggered by physical agents, chemical agents, or microorganisms |
Inflammatory Response | The body’s cellular response to injury or infection |
Systemic signs of inflammation | fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and lymph node enlargement |
Antibiotic resistant pathogens: | MRSA Methycillin Resistant Staph aureus
VRSA Vancomycin Resistant Staph Aureus
VRE Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus
TB |
Factors Affecting Resistance /Infection Process | Age,Stress, emotional factors,Nutritional status,Habits—e.g., smoking, substance abuse, exercise,Heredity,Disease processes |
Environmental factors/Infection Process | Medical therapies– e.g., steroids, antibiotics, cancer treatments, organ transplant anti-rejection drugs, etc. |
Preventing an Infection | Standard Precautions,Transmission-Based Precautions,Natural immunity/resistance,
Immunization,Good health habits--Keeping your resistance high |
Community level/Preventing an Infection | Sanitation, clean water, pest control, safe agriculture and food handling practices, etc. |
Fecal Pathogens | Transmitted through fecal—oral route, by means of:
Contaminated water, inadequate sewage management. |
Terms r/t Disease | Acute,Chronic,Congenital,Hereditary
Morbidity: incidence of a disease (expressed as ratio)
Mortality: death rate (expressed as ratio)
Idiopathic: of unknown origin |
Types of Nosocomial Risk | Iatrogenic factors, Organizational factors,
Patient factors |
Nosocomial Infection:Risk Factors | a large number of highly susceptible people,
people carrying pathogens.
Healthcare workers from patient to patient,transmitting microbes |
Predisposing Factors | poor health,impaired defenses,Advanced age, Premature birth,Immunocompromised, Acute illness, burns, trauma,Chronic disease |
“The Father of Aseptic Technique | Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912) |
Predisposing Factors Invasive lines and procedures | IV lines, Catheters, Intubation tubes, Tracheostomy, Surgical drains |
Predisposing Factors Treatments | Blood transfusions, Parenteral nutrition, Remaining in a recumbent position |
Most Frequently Occurring Nosocomial Infections | Urinary tract infections– E. coli
Respiratory infections-- pneumonia
Infection of surgical wounds
Blood infection—bacteremia
Colitis-- diarrhea |
Infection Control Team | Infection Control Practitioner/Professional
Nurses who are specially trained in infection control |
Immunocompetence | The ability of an immune system to mobilize and deploy its antibodies and other responses to stimulation by an antigen. |
Immunocompromise: | A state of lowered resistance to disease. |
Immunity: | Being unaffected by a particular disease or condition. |
Naturally acquired: | Innate body defenses, heredity
Acquired after an infection |
Artificially acquired: | Acquired through vaccination |
Antigen: | A substance that is recognized by the body as foreign, and provokes antibody production. |
Antibody: | A protein molecule formed in response to a foreign substance. |
The Immune Response:4 “R’s” | Recognize, Respond, Remember, Regulate |
Patient Teaching
For Infection Control | The nurse will need to educate patient about the nature of infection and the techniques to use in planning or controlling its spread |
Infection control for home and hospice settings Prevention of infection | Hand washing, food preparation, lines, waste containers, body fluid spills |