Question | Answer |
Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass: solid, liquid, gas |
Element | basic building blocks of matter; can't be broken down by chemical means |
Atom | Smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element |
Subatomic particles that make up an atom | Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons |
Which subatomic particle(s) reside in the nucleus? | Protons and Neutrons |
Which subatomic particle(s) move about the nucleus? | Electrons |
Electron shell | Circle around the nucleus of the atom |
Atomic Number | All atoms of a an element have the same number of protons. Since the atoms ate electronically neutral, it also tells you the number of electrons. Represented as the bottom number in atom. |
Mass Number | Sum of Protons and Neutrons |
Mass of Protons and Neutrons | 1 Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) each |
Mass of Electrons | 0 AMU |
Atomic Mass | Is the average of AMU for all Isotopes and is the top number represented in atom. |
Isotopes | Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Their Mass Numbers are different. Subtract atomic number from mass to find number of neutrons. |
Radioisotope | An atom that when decays releases various types of energy in form of rays and subatomic particles. |
Molecule | Atoms that bound with another to forma a chemical unit. Atoms can be the same or different. |
Compound | A molecules made up of different atoms. |
Stable Atom | Atoms with more than one shell are most stable when the outer shell contains eight electrons. |
Ionic bonding | Atoms give up or take on an electron or electrons to make a stable outer shell. |
Ions | Particles that carry either a positive or negative charge. Ion carries a positive charge if more protons; negative charge if more electrons. |
Covalent bonding | Atoms share electrons. |
Covalent - Single bonding | Atoms share only a pair of electrons |
Covalent - Double and Triple Bonding | Atoms share 2 pairs of electrons (double) and 3 pairs (triple). |
Polar molecule | Has a slightly negative and slightly positive charge between atoms |
Hydrogen bond | Attraction of a slightly positive, covalently bonded hydrogen to a slightly negative atom nearby. Represented by a dotted line. |
Properties of water | High Heat Capacity; High Heat of Evaporation; Solvent; Cohesive & Adhesive; Frozen Water is Less Dense than Liquid Water |
Calorie | Amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1degreeC. |
How many calories of heat energy does it take to turn coldest water to ice? | Loss off 80 |
How many calories of heat energy does it take to convert 1g of hottest water to gas? | 540 |
Solution | Contains dissolved substances |
Solutes | the dissolved substances in a solution |
Hydrophilic | Molecules that attract water |
Hydrophobic | Molecules that can't attract water. (Nonpolar) |
Cohesion | The ability of water molecules to cling to each other due to hydrogen bonding. |
Adhesion | Ability of water molecules to cling to other polar surfaces. |
Acids | Substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+). The acidity depends on how fully it dissociates. |
Bases | Substances that either take up hydrogen (H+) or releases hydroxide ions (OH-). |
PH Scale | used to indicate acidity or basicity of a solution. Below 7 is acidic; above 7 is base and 7 is neutral. |
Buffers | Help keep the pH within normal limits because they are chemical or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions. |
Categories of Organic Molecules | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
Organic | A molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen and usually associated with living organisms. |
Macromolecule | a molecule that contains many subunits |
Dehydration reaction | When a cell constructs a macromolecule by removing a OH (hydroxyl group) and an H (hydrogen atom) between subunits to make the marcro. |
Hydrolysis Reaction | When a cell breaks down a macromolecule by components of water are added during the breaking of a bond between the molecules. Add the water to break into subunits. |
Carbohydrates | Characterized by the presence of atomic grouping H-C-OH where ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2 to one. Function for quick short-term energy. CH2O |
Simple carbohydrates | A carbohydrate mad up of just one ring and its carbon atoms is low ( 5 to 7). Monosaccharide and Disaccharide |
Monosaccharide (Simple) | 1 sugar - glucose |
Disaccharide (Simple) | 2 sugars connected by covalent bond - maltos |
Complex carbohydrate (Polysaccharide) | Contain many glucose units - long chain of sugar that can be straight or branched. |
Types of Polysaccharide | Storage and Structural |
Storage Polysaccharide | Stores food inside cell (form of energy), easy to break down into sugar units, example: starch and glycogen |
Structural Polysaccharide | Structural components for cell (not food), not easy to break down, example: cellulose and chitlin |
Lipids | Contain carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO)(and some have phosphorous (P)). Does not dissolve in water,used as energy modules found in cell membrane. oils, fats, steroids, phospholipids |
Lipids (Fats) | Usually animal origin, solid at room temperature, long-term energy storage, insulation from heat loss, cushions for organs |
Lipids (oils) | Plant origin, liquid at room temperature |
Triglycerides (Fat) | A type of fat that stores energy, structure made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
Saturated fats | Solid at room temperature because all the fatty acids in triglyceride have only a single bond (straight and easy to pack together). |
Unsaturated fats | liquid at room temperature because at least one of the fatty acids in the triglyceride has a double or triple bonding making it harder to pack together. |
Atherosclerosis | hardening of the arteries - fatty deposits called plaques form on the inside of blood vessels reducing blood flow and oxygen supply. Caused by saturated fat. |
Trans Fat | created artificially; hydrogens are on opposite sides of carbon, may be partially hydrogenated; not healthy |
Polyunsaturated fat | has many double bounds; corn, canola, safflower oil; healthy |
Which fat is healthiest | polyunsaturated |
Which fat is unhealthiest | Trans fat |
Phospholipids (lipid) | main components of membranes; forms a bilayer; structure: glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate group |
Phospholipids arrangement in cell group | polar head at surface, nonpolar tail at middle, tail to tail; |
Steroid (lipid) | Structure: 4 fused carbon rings; made of cholesterol; example: estrogen, testosterone, anabolic |
Polypeptide | formed when 3 or more amino acids are formed by peptide bounds |