Question | Answer |
What are 4 functions of roots? | anchor plant into soil
absorb water and minerals
storage of food
reproductiom |
What is a primary root? | a root that developes from the seed or from base of a stem
or from base of a stem in the case of ferns |
What is a secondary root? | ussually found in grain crops |
What is a tap root? | root with a primary root and multiple secondary roots.
Often an important food source is used in medicine and flavoring foods EX beet carrot Parsnip Radish Turnip Sweet potato |
What is a Fibrous root? | a root with a single primary root and hairlike projections from the bottom.
it holds the top soil in place and prevents soil erosion. |
What are the 6 parts of the plants? | Xylem
Phloem
Cambium
Nodes
Internodes
Buds |
What are the 4 types of above ground modified stems? | Crowns
Spurs
Thorns
stolons |
What are the 4 types of below ground modified stems? | Rhizomes
Tubers
bulbs
corms |
What is a bud? | undeveloped shoot that gives rise to leaves or flower parts |
What are the 4 types of buds | leaf
flower
terminal
lateral
adventitious |
What are Meristematic Tissues? | sites of repeated cell division of unspecialized cells
the cells differentiate and becomes specialized in function |
What are vascular tissues? | tissues that conduct food & water throughout plant |
The xylem... | conducts water and minerals |
the phloem... | cunducts foods produced via photosynthesis |
the cambium... | is a meristemmatic tissue giving rise to new xylem and phloem |
What is a florescence? | a group or cluster of flowers on the same peduncle |
What is a rachis? | central axis of a spike |
What is a Spike? | flowers attached directly to rachis |
What is a sessile? | flowers attached directly to rachis without a pedicel
ex- wheat barley rye
in corn the ear is a modified spike and the rachis is the cob |
What is a raceme? | just like spike except raceme has a pedicel
flowers are pedicellate
alfalfa sweet clover soy beans |
What is a Panicle? | has many branches that connect the flowers
flowers may be sessile or pedicellate |
What is a corymb? | pedicles of different lengths attach at different locations on axis to create flat-topped infloresence |
What is a umbel? | has no central axis
all pedicles attach at same point at base of florescence? |
What is a head? | has many sessile flowers that are tightly clustered on a flattened recepticle |
what are ray flowers | flowers that have petals ussually at edge, and ussually sterile |
what are disk flowers? | flowers with no petals are in the center usually fertile |
What is a capitulum? | similar to head inflorescence except the head is rounded
flowers can be sessile of pedicellate
red clover white clover
capit in latin means head |
What is a fruit? | ripened ovary of a plant containing seeds |
what are the 3 parts of a seed? | embryo
endosperm
seed coat |
what are the parts of the embryo? | radicle
hypocotyl
epicotyl
cotyledons |
thick coated seeds... | germinate slower but are more protected from environment |
thin coated seeds... | germinate faster |
What is endosperm? | Short term food supply
formed at fertilization but not part of embryo
used by embryo to fuel its growth
in mature beans endosperm no longer there |
What is a seed? | a mature ovule containing an embryo |
What is a cotyledonary node? | POINT WHERE THE COTYLEDON ATTACHES TO THE PLUMULE AND HYPOCOTYL |
What is the radicle? | the part that developes into the primary root. |
What is a coleorhiza? | protective sheath around radicle |
What is a caryopsis? | THE PART OF THE SEED THAT IS FUSED TO THE OVARY WALL |
What is a hypocotyl? | the internode jsut below the cotyledon node |
What is a coleoptile | protective sheath for leaves during emergence |
What is the hilum? | scar where seed attached to ovary wall |
What is the micropyle? | before fertilization of egg |
What is the Raphe? | Slight ridge along edge of seed |
What is the testa? | the seed coat of dicots |
What are the cotyledons? | food reserves for seed dormancy and germination |
What is the cotyledonary node? | where two cotyledons attach to the rest of the embryo |
What happens in STAGE 1 of germination? | Activation/ imbibition
rapid absorption of water
protein synthesis is activated
enzyme driven |
What happens in STAGE 2 of germination? | Lag Phase/ Digestion and Translocation
metabolic processes kick in |
What happens in STAGE 3 of germination? | cell division and elongation radicle emerges first then plumule emerges |
What is hypogeal germination? | Cotyledon emerge above soil surface
results from hypocotyl extension |
What is Epigeal germination? | seed cotyledons remain underground
results from epicotyl elongation |
What are advantages to hypogeal germination? | ~take less energy for emergence
~can plant deeper
~frost protection |
What are advantages to epigeal germination? | ~cotyledons may protect apical meristem if unfavorable weather occurs
~herbivores may damage the cotyledons but not the entire plant |