Question | Answer |
Study that seeks to organize living things into groups based on morphology and genetics | Taxonomy |
Founding father of morphology taxonomy | Carolus Linnaeus |
What are the three domains? | Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukaryota |
What are the four kingdoms of the domain Eukaryota? | Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi |
What are the nine phyla within the kingdom Animalia? | Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (jellyfish, hydra), Platyhelminthes (flat worms), Nematoda (round worms), Mollusca (snails, clams, squid), Annelida (segmented worms), Arthropoda (crabs, spiders, insects), Echinodermata (sea stars), Chordata |
Vertebrates are within which subphyla of Chordata? | Vertebrata |
Vertebrata is divided into what two superclasses? | Aganatha (jawless animals) and Gnathostomata (jawed animals) |
What are Chondrichthyes? | Fish with cartilaginous endoskeleton (sharks, rayes) |
What are Osteichthyes? | Fish with a bony skeleton (herring, carp, tuna) |
Which animals have amniotic eggs? | Amphibians (salamanders, frogs) |
What are vascular plants? | Tracheophytes; have tissues organized to conduct food and water throughout plant; those that produce seeds and those that don't |
What are nonvascular plants? | Bryophytes (mosses); no special tissue for conducting food and water; no seeds or flowers; short |
What are angiosperms? | Flowering plants; flowers as reproductive organs |
What are gymnosperms? | Non-flowering plants; conifers (cone-bearers) and cycads |
Plants that survive only one growing season | Annuals |
Plants that survive two growing seasons | Biennials |
Plants that grow year after year | Perennials |
Matter is made up of these basic substances, which cannot be broken down to any other substance | Elements |
Simplest unit of an element | Atom |
An atom's nucleus contains what? | Protons and neutrons |
The atomic number corresponds to what? | # of protons |
In an uncharged atom, the # of protons... | Equals the # of electrons |
Which energy level of an atom has the least energy? | The level closest to the nucleus |
Plant cells have these 3 additional organelles | Cell wall (support and rigidity), central vacuole (water and food storage), chloroplasts (photosynthesis) |
Photosynthesis occurs in these plants organelles | Chloroplasts, which contain the pigment chlorophyll. The body (stroma) contains the grana, which is where photosynthesis occurs |
Protein molecules that act as catalysts for organic reactions by lowering the activation energy | Enzymes |
Non-protein substance that may be required in some enzymatic reactions | Cofactor |
Two types of cofactors? | Inorganic (metal ions) and organic (coenzymes; vitamins) |
Bound to the enzyme and facilitate enzymatic reactions | Prosthetic groups |
Process by which cells build molecules and store energy in the form of chemical bonds | Anabolism |
Process of breaking down molecules and releasing stored energy | Catabolism |
The two phases of photosynthesis | Light reaction (photolysis) and the dark reaction (CO2 fixation) |
Light reaction (photolysis) | Chlorophyll absorbs photon and is excited to higher energy state; H20 broken down; oxygen combines to form O2 and is released |
Dark reaction (CO2 fixation) | Requires hydrogen and ATP from photolysis; six CO2 molecules are combined with hydrogen to form glucose |
End products of glycolysis? | 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 H (NADH) |
End products of Krebs cycle? | 2 ATP, H, electrons |
End products of electron transport chain? | 32 ATP, H2O |
Anaerobic respiration following glycolysis? | Fermentation; creates lactic acid or ethyl alcohol; not very efficient (only 2 ATP) |
Genes that code proteins that form organs and structural characteristics | Structural genes |
Genes that code proteins that determine functional or physiological events, such as growth | Regulatory genes |
Animal kingdom divided into these two broad categories | Invertebrates and vertebrates |
True/false: There are more species of invertebrates than vertebrates | True |
Consists of a thin cell layer; skin and intestines | Epithelial tissue |
Covers internal organs and composes ligaments and tendons | Connective tissue |
Found in the skeleton and provides support and protection for internal organs | Bone tissue |
Reduces friction between bones | Cartilage tissue |
Consists of several cell types in a fluid called plasma | Blood tissue |
Process of gamete formation | Gametogenesis |
Process of sperm formation | Spermatogenesis; diploid primary spermatocytes formed from spermatogonia -> secondary spermatocytes -> haploid spermatids -> sperm cells |
Process of egg formation | Oogenesis; primary oocytes -> secondary oocyte and polar body -> haploid egg cell |
Stages of human development | Zygote -> morula -> blastula -> gastrula |
Process of forming the three germ layers of an embryo | Gastrulation |
What are the three germ layers? | Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
Germ layer that becomes the skin, endocrine glands, and nervous system | Ectoderm |
Germ layer that becomes the gut lining | Endoderm |
Germ layer that forms muscles and organs of the skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, and excretory systems | Mesoderm |
Membrane that functions in regulating the passage of gases and water from the embryo to its surrounding environment | Chorion |
Fluid-filled sac that cushions the embryo | Amnion (with amniotic fluid) |
Membrane that becomes part of the umbilical cord that functions to exchange gases and nutrients between the embryo and mother | Allantois |
Membrane that becomes part of the umbilical cord and stores nutrients for the embryo (but not in mammals) | Yolk sac membrane (with yolk sac) |
The connection between the mother and embryo; site of transfer for nutrients, water, and wastes | Placenta |
Asexual reproduction that doesn't require fertilization by males in order for formation of an embryo | Parthenogenesis |
The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment | Ecology |
Part of the earth that contains all living things | Biosphere |
Total number of a single species of organism in a given ecosystem | Population |
Populations that interact with each other in an ecosystem | Community |
Physical place where a species lives | Habitat |
The role an organism plays in the ecosystem | Niche |
What is the greatest annual use of freshwater globally? | Agriculture |
Brain region involved with motor control (coordination, precision, timing) | Cerebellum |
Brain region involved with intelligence, personality, planning, and organization | Cerebrum |
Brain region responsible for autonomic functions (breathing, heart rate) | Medulla oblongata |
Scientist who advanced microscopy by discovering bacteria and protists | von Leeuwenhoek |
Male plant reproductive organ | Stamen |
Female plant reproductive organ | Carpel/pistil |
Why should Al cans be recycled? | High energy cost of processing Al ore |
Random change in allele frequencies that can lead to the loss of some alleles in a population | Genetic drift |
Where is mRNA processed? | Nucleus |
How efficient is photosynthesis in converting light energy to chemical energy? | 1% |
Separation of first two blastomeres results in what? | Identical twins |
How do you calculate percent error? | Result-accepted value/accepted value *100 |
Type of selection that exists between certain inherited conditions and environmental pressures (i.e., sickle cell and malaria) | Balanced polymorphism |
True/false: Photorespiration doesn't produce ATP | True |
Conversion of nitrate, NO3, to atmospheric nitrogen, N2 | Denitrification |
Addition/deletion of one nucleotide of a gene | Frameshift mutation |
Conditioned stimulus (bell) signals occurrence of unconditioned stimulus (salivation for food); Pavlov | Classical conditioning |
Behavior is modified by consequences (punishment, reward); Skinner | Operant conditioning |
Species not closely related but come to have similar morphology due to similar habitats/niches | Convergent evolution |
Provides the strongest evidence for evolution | Fossil record |
True/false: Phospholipids don't readily dissolve in water | True |
What is the primary cause of extinction today? | Habitat loss |
How does Fragile X Syndrome arise? | Repeats of a specific codon |
An essential plant nutrient because it is a component of chlorophyll | Magnesium |
An animal that maintains stable internal body temperature regardless of external environment | Homeothermic animal |
Contains enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg | Acrosome |
Seed leaves that store nutrients for plant embryo | Cotyledons |
True/false: Eukaryotic cells do not have pili | True |
Plant hormone associated with ripening of fruit | Ethylene |
Primary pollutant responsible for acid precipitation | Sulfur dioxide |
What gas has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than does oxygen? | Carbon monoxide |
Ocean bottom | Benthic zone |
Coral reef habitat and shallow waters over continental shelf | Neritic zone |
Triggers ovulation and follicle maturation | LH hormone |
What facilitates high metabolic rate? | Four-chambered heart |
Stages of embryonic development | Morula, blastula, gastrula, neural crest |
Pumps blood out of the heart | Ventricle |
Receives blood coming into the heart | Atrium |
Carry blood away from the heart | Arteries |
Carry blood to the heart | Veins |
How do birth control pills work? | Inhibit release of LH and FSH from pituitary |
Tissue of plant growth | Meristem |
Tissue that covers and protects plant; secretes cuticle | Epidermis |
Tissue that provides storage and photosynthesis | Ground |
Tissue for storage and support | Vascular |
Field that studies slight variations in individual sequences of DNA | Bioinformatics |
Mineral that aids in the opening and closing of stomata | Potassium |
Where does the light reaction (photolysis) happen? | Grana |
Where does the dark reaction (Calvin cycle/carbon fixation) happen? | Stroma |
What are the three domains? | Archaea, Eukaryota, Eubacteria |
What are the 4 kingdoms of Eukaryota? | Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista |
What are vascular plants? | Tracheophytes; have tissues for food and water transport; seeds (corns, roses) or no seeds (ferns) |
What are nonvascular plants? | Bryophytes; no special tissues for transport; no seeds; short (mosses) |
Reproductive organ of angiosperm | Flower |
Where stem elongation occurs; composed of meristem tissue; contains terminal bud | Shoot apex |
Seed protection | Fruit |
Sites of photosynthesis | Leaves |
Roots that extend downward | Primary roots |
Lateral roots | Secondary roots |
Where new leaves emerge | Lateral buds |
Response of a plant to the environment | Tropism (i.e., phototropism and geotropism) |
Plant hormone that controls cell elongation | Auxin |
Plant hormone that causes stem elongation | Gibberellin |
Plant hormone that promotes cell division in growing tissue | Cytokinin |
Underground stem for food storage (potato, carrot, yam) | Tuber |
Haploid plant that produces gametes by mitosis | Gametophyte |
Diploid plant that produces spores by meiosis | Sporophyte |
Branched veins; 2 cotyledons; flowers in multiples of 4-5 | Dicot |
Parallel veins; 1 cotyledon; flowers in multiples of 3; corn | Monocot |
Proposed "acquired characteristics" theory | Lamarck |
Structural similarity that indicates common ancestry | Homology |
Structures with no apparent function (appendix) | Vestigial structures |
Transmits impulses from sensory receptor to brain and spinal cord | Sensory neuron |
Transmits impulses from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands | Motor neuron |
Part of neuron that receives impulses | Dendrite |
Part of neuron that sends impulses | Axon |
What is gray matter? | Cell bodies and synapses |
What is white matter? | Axons |
Part of nervous system responsible for involuntary functions | Autonomic nervous system |
Two branches of autonomic nervous system | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
The center of the autonomic nervous system | Hypothalamus |
Difference between insulin and glucagon? | Insulin decreases blood glucose levels; glucagon increases blood glucose levels |
System of glands that secrete hormones that regulate body's activities | Endocrine system |
Primitive support column for embryo until it is replaced by spinal column | Notochord |
Central cavity of gastrula; becomes digestive cavity | Archenteron |
Connects placenta to fetus | Umbilical cord |
Condition where females have only one X | Turner syndrome |
Condition where males have more than one X | Klinefelters syndrome |
Total of all the genes in a population at a given time | Gene pool |
Scientist who studied Drosophila; gene mapping; X-linked genes | Thomas Hunt Morgan |
Smallest part of an element | Atom |
Substance made of one kind of atom; can't be broken down | Element |
Two or more atoms covalently bonded (i.e., O2) | Molecule |
Two or more elements chemically combined (i.e., HCl) | Compound |
Energy source with the ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O | Carbohydrate |
Made of glycerol and fatty acids | Lipids |
Composed of a base, sugar, and phosphate group | Nucleotide |
What is a purine? | Two rings; A, G |
What is a pyrimidine? | One ring; T, C, U |
Naturally occurring element important in human health (i.e., Na, Cl, K, Ca) | Mineral |
Era where the first mammals appeared | Triassic |
Digestive organs is broken into these two groups | Alimentary canal (GI tract) and accessory organs |
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? | Oxygen |
Anton von Leeuwenhoek | Advanced the field of microscopy by discovering bacteria and protists |
Robert Hooke | First used the term "cell" after viewing cork under the microscope |
Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow | Scientists who came up with the "Cell Theory" |
Hemolymph is found where? | In arthropods with an open circulatory system |
How do arthropods eliminate waste? | Malphigian tubules |
Which is more abundant outside of the cell: Na or K? | Na |
Which is more abundant inside of the cell: Na or K? | K |
The outside of the cell is positive or negative? | Positive |
The inside of the cell is positive or negative? | Negative |
Myelin sheath is composed of what? | Schwann cells |
What are the two divisions of the PNS? | Somatic (voluntary; muscles) and autonomic (involuntary; sympathetic and parasympathetic) |
What brain region is involved in maintaining homeostasis (hormones, pituitary gland, electrolytes, and temperature)? | Hypothalamus |
Sites of gas exchange between blood and tissues | Capillaries |
Blood coming from tissues in veins is high/low in oxygen? | Low; has delivered oxygen and picked up carbon dioxide |
Blood going to tissues in arteries in high/low in oxygen? | High |
Which organ stores bile produced by the liver? | Gallbladder |
Where does most digestion and absorption take place? | Small intestine |
Where does water reabsorption take place? | Colon |
Three types of muscle | Cardiac (involuntary), smooth (stomach, intestines, bladder; involuntary); skeletal (bones; voluntary) |
In muscle, what makes up the sarcomeres? | Actin and myosin |
Polymers of sarcomeres | Myofibrils |
Polymers of microfibrils | Muscle cells |
When body temperature increases, what happens to blood vessels? | Dilation so more heat can be lossed |
When body temperature decreases, what happens to blood vessels? | Constriction so heat can be conserved |
What are the two main components of a blastula? | Inner cell mass (embryo) and trophoblast (placenta) |
In what cells do C4 plants capture carbon dioxide? | Mesophyll cells |
In what cells do C4 plants do carbon fixation? | Bundle sheath cells |