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Praxis II Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Study that seeks to organize living things into groups based on morphology and genetics | Taxonomy |
| Founding father of morphology taxonomy | Carolus Linnaeus |
| What are the three domains? | Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukaryota |
| What are the four kingdoms of the domain Eukaryota? | Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi |
| What are the nine phyla within the kingdom Animalia? | Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (jellyfish, hydra), Platyhelminthes (flat worms), Nematoda (round worms), Mollusca (snails, clams, squid), Annelida (segmented worms), Arthropoda (crabs, spiders, insects), Echinodermata (sea stars), Chordata |
| Vertebrates are within which subphyla of Chordata? | Vertebrata |
| Vertebrata is divided into what two superclasses? | Aganatha (jawless animals) and Gnathostomata (jawed animals) |
| What are Chondrichthyes? | Fish with cartilaginous endoskeleton (sharks, rayes) |
| What are Osteichthyes? | Fish with a bony skeleton (herring, carp, tuna) |
| Which animals have amniotic eggs? | Amphibians (salamanders, frogs) |
| What are vascular plants? | Tracheophytes; have tissues organized to conduct food and water throughout plant; those that produce seeds and those that don't |
| What are nonvascular plants? | Bryophytes (mosses); no special tissue for conducting food and water; no seeds or flowers; short |
| What are angiosperms? | Flowering plants; flowers as reproductive organs |
| What are gymnosperms? | Non-flowering plants; conifers (cone-bearers) and cycads |
| Plants that survive only one growing season | Annuals |
| Plants that survive two growing seasons | Biennials |
| Plants that grow year after year | Perennials |
| Matter is made up of these basic substances, which cannot be broken down to any other substance | Elements |
| Simplest unit of an element | Atom |
| An atom's nucleus contains what? | Protons and neutrons |
| The atomic number corresponds to what? | # of protons |
| In an uncharged atom, the # of protons... | Equals the # of electrons |
| Which energy level of an atom has the least energy? | The level closest to the nucleus |
| Plant cells have these 3 additional organelles | Cell wall (support and rigidity), central vacuole (water and food storage), chloroplasts (photosynthesis) |
| Photosynthesis occurs in these plants organelles | Chloroplasts, which contain the pigment chlorophyll. The body (stroma) contains the grana, which is where photosynthesis occurs |
| Protein molecules that act as catalysts for organic reactions by lowering the activation energy | Enzymes |
| Non-protein substance that may be required in some enzymatic reactions | Cofactor |
| Two types of cofactors? | Inorganic (metal ions) and organic (coenzymes; vitamins) |
| Bound to the enzyme and facilitate enzymatic reactions | Prosthetic groups |
| Process by which cells build molecules and store energy in the form of chemical bonds | Anabolism |
| Process of breaking down molecules and releasing stored energy | Catabolism |
| The two phases of photosynthesis | Light reaction (photolysis) and the dark reaction (CO2 fixation) |
| Light reaction (photolysis) | Chlorophyll absorbs photon and is excited to higher energy state; H20 broken down; oxygen combines to form O2 and is released |
| Dark reaction (CO2 fixation) | Requires hydrogen and ATP from photolysis; six CO2 molecules are combined with hydrogen to form glucose |
| End products of glycolysis? | 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 H (NADH) |
| End products of Krebs cycle? | 2 ATP, H, electrons |
| End products of electron transport chain? | 32 ATP, H2O |
| Anaerobic respiration following glycolysis? | Fermentation; creates lactic acid or ethyl alcohol; not very efficient (only 2 ATP) |
| Genes that code proteins that form organs and structural characteristics | Structural genes |
| Genes that code proteins that determine functional or physiological events, such as growth | Regulatory genes |
| Animal kingdom divided into these two broad categories | Invertebrates and vertebrates |
| True/false: There are more species of invertebrates than vertebrates | True |
| Consists of a thin cell layer; skin and intestines | Epithelial tissue |
| Covers internal organs and composes ligaments and tendons | Connective tissue |
| Found in the skeleton and provides support and protection for internal organs | Bone tissue |
| Reduces friction between bones | Cartilage tissue |
| Consists of several cell types in a fluid called plasma | Blood tissue |
| Process of gamete formation | Gametogenesis |
| Process of sperm formation | Spermatogenesis; diploid primary spermatocytes formed from spermatogonia -> secondary spermatocytes -> haploid spermatids -> sperm cells |
| Process of egg formation | Oogenesis; primary oocytes -> secondary oocyte and polar body -> haploid egg cell |
| Stages of human development | Zygote -> morula -> blastula -> gastrula |
| Process of forming the three germ layers of an embryo | Gastrulation |
| What are the three germ layers? | Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
| Germ layer that becomes the skin, endocrine glands, and nervous system | Ectoderm |
| Germ layer that becomes the gut lining | Endoderm |
| Germ layer that forms muscles and organs of the skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, and excretory systems | Mesoderm |
| Membrane that functions in regulating the passage of gases and water from the embryo to its surrounding environment | Chorion |
| Fluid-filled sac that cushions the embryo | Amnion (with amniotic fluid) |
| Membrane that becomes part of the umbilical cord that functions to exchange gases and nutrients between the embryo and mother | Allantois |
| Membrane that becomes part of the umbilical cord and stores nutrients for the embryo (but not in mammals) | Yolk sac membrane (with yolk sac) |
| The connection between the mother and embryo; site of transfer for nutrients, water, and wastes | Placenta |
| Asexual reproduction that doesn't require fertilization by males in order for formation of an embryo | Parthenogenesis |
| The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment | Ecology |
| Part of the earth that contains all living things | Biosphere |
| Total number of a single species of organism in a given ecosystem | Population |
| Populations that interact with each other in an ecosystem | Community |
| Physical place where a species lives | Habitat |
| The role an organism plays in the ecosystem | Niche |
| What is the greatest annual use of freshwater globally? | Agriculture |
| Brain region involved with motor control (coordination, precision, timing) | Cerebellum |
| Brain region involved with intelligence, personality, planning, and organization | Cerebrum |
| Brain region responsible for autonomic functions (breathing, heart rate) | Medulla oblongata |
| Scientist who advanced microscopy by discovering bacteria and protists | von Leeuwenhoek |
| Male plant reproductive organ | Stamen |
| Female plant reproductive organ | Carpel/pistil |
| Why should Al cans be recycled? | High energy cost of processing Al ore |
| Random change in allele frequencies that can lead to the loss of some alleles in a population | Genetic drift |
| Where is mRNA processed? | Nucleus |
| How efficient is photosynthesis in converting light energy to chemical energy? | 1% |
| Separation of first two blastomeres results in what? | Identical twins |
| How do you calculate percent error? | Result-accepted value/accepted value *100 |
| Type of selection that exists between certain inherited conditions and environmental pressures (i.e., sickle cell and malaria) | Balanced polymorphism |
| True/false: Photorespiration doesn't produce ATP | True |
| Conversion of nitrate, NO3, to atmospheric nitrogen, N2 | Denitrification |
| Addition/deletion of one nucleotide of a gene | Frameshift mutation |
| Conditioned stimulus (bell) signals occurrence of unconditioned stimulus (salivation for food); Pavlov | Classical conditioning |
| Behavior is modified by consequences (punishment, reward); Skinner | Operant conditioning |
| Species not closely related but come to have similar morphology due to similar habitats/niches | Convergent evolution |
| Provides the strongest evidence for evolution | Fossil record |
| True/false: Phospholipids don't readily dissolve in water | True |
| What is the primary cause of extinction today? | Habitat loss |
| How does Fragile X Syndrome arise? | Repeats of a specific codon |
| An essential plant nutrient because it is a component of chlorophyll | Magnesium |
| An animal that maintains stable internal body temperature regardless of external environment | Homeothermic animal |
| Contains enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg | Acrosome |
| Seed leaves that store nutrients for plant embryo | Cotyledons |
| True/false: Eukaryotic cells do not have pili | True |
| Plant hormone associated with ripening of fruit | Ethylene |
| Primary pollutant responsible for acid precipitation | Sulfur dioxide |
| What gas has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than does oxygen? | Carbon monoxide |
| Ocean bottom | Benthic zone |
| Coral reef habitat and shallow waters over continental shelf | Neritic zone |
| Triggers ovulation and follicle maturation | LH hormone |
| What facilitates high metabolic rate? | Four-chambered heart |
| Stages of embryonic development | Morula, blastula, gastrula, neural crest |
| Pumps blood out of the heart | Ventricle |
| Receives blood coming into the heart | Atrium |
| Carry blood away from the heart | Arteries |
| Carry blood to the heart | Veins |
| How do birth control pills work? | Inhibit release of LH and FSH from pituitary |
| Tissue of plant growth | Meristem |
| Tissue that covers and protects plant; secretes cuticle | Epidermis |
| Tissue that provides storage and photosynthesis | Ground |
| Tissue for storage and support | Vascular |
| Field that studies slight variations in individual sequences of DNA | Bioinformatics |
| Mineral that aids in the opening and closing of stomata | Potassium |
| Where does the light reaction (photolysis) happen? | Grana |
| Where does the dark reaction (Calvin cycle/carbon fixation) happen? | Stroma |
| What are the three domains? | Archaea, Eukaryota, Eubacteria |
| What are the 4 kingdoms of Eukaryota? | Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista |
| What are vascular plants? | Tracheophytes; have tissues for food and water transport; seeds (corns, roses) or no seeds (ferns) |
| What are nonvascular plants? | Bryophytes; no special tissues for transport; no seeds; short (mosses) |
| Reproductive organ of angiosperm | Flower |
| Where stem elongation occurs; composed of meristem tissue; contains terminal bud | Shoot apex |
| Seed protection | Fruit |
| Sites of photosynthesis | Leaves |
| Roots that extend downward | Primary roots |
| Lateral roots | Secondary roots |
| Where new leaves emerge | Lateral buds |
| Response of a plant to the environment | Tropism (i.e., phototropism and geotropism) |
| Plant hormone that controls cell elongation | Auxin |
| Plant hormone that causes stem elongation | Gibberellin |
| Plant hormone that promotes cell division in growing tissue | Cytokinin |
| Underground stem for food storage (potato, carrot, yam) | Tuber |
| Haploid plant that produces gametes by mitosis | Gametophyte |
| Diploid plant that produces spores by meiosis | Sporophyte |
| Branched veins; 2 cotyledons; flowers in multiples of 4-5 | Dicot |
| Parallel veins; 1 cotyledon; flowers in multiples of 3; corn | Monocot |
| Proposed "acquired characteristics" theory | Lamarck |
| Structural similarity that indicates common ancestry | Homology |
| Structures with no apparent function (appendix) | Vestigial structures |
| Transmits impulses from sensory receptor to brain and spinal cord | Sensory neuron |
| Transmits impulses from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands | Motor neuron |
| Part of neuron that receives impulses | Dendrite |
| Part of neuron that sends impulses | Axon |
| What is gray matter? | Cell bodies and synapses |
| What is white matter? | Axons |
| Part of nervous system responsible for involuntary functions | Autonomic nervous system |
| Two branches of autonomic nervous system | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| The center of the autonomic nervous system | Hypothalamus |
| Difference between insulin and glucagon? | Insulin decreases blood glucose levels; glucagon increases blood glucose levels |
| System of glands that secrete hormones that regulate body's activities | Endocrine system |
| Primitive support column for embryo until it is replaced by spinal column | Notochord |
| Central cavity of gastrula; becomes digestive cavity | Archenteron |
| Connects placenta to fetus | Umbilical cord |
| Condition where females have only one X | Turner syndrome |
| Condition where males have more than one X | Klinefelters syndrome |
| Total of all the genes in a population at a given time | Gene pool |
| Scientist who studied Drosophila; gene mapping; X-linked genes | Thomas Hunt Morgan |
| Smallest part of an element | Atom |
| Substance made of one kind of atom; can't be broken down | Element |
| Two or more atoms covalently bonded (i.e., O2) | Molecule |
| Two or more elements chemically combined (i.e., HCl) | Compound |
| Energy source with the ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O | Carbohydrate |
| Made of glycerol and fatty acids | Lipids |
| Composed of a base, sugar, and phosphate group | Nucleotide |
| What is a purine? | Two rings; A, G |
| What is a pyrimidine? | One ring; T, C, U |
| Naturally occurring element important in human health (i.e., Na, Cl, K, Ca) | Mineral |
| Era where the first mammals appeared | Triassic |
| Digestive organs is broken into these two groups | Alimentary canal (GI tract) and accessory organs |
| What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? | Oxygen |
| Anton von Leeuwenhoek | Advanced the field of microscopy by discovering bacteria and protists |
| Robert Hooke | First used the term "cell" after viewing cork under the microscope |
| Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow | Scientists who came up with the "Cell Theory" |
| Hemolymph is found where? | In arthropods with an open circulatory system |
| How do arthropods eliminate waste? | Malphigian tubules |
| Which is more abundant outside of the cell: Na or K? | Na |
| Which is more abundant inside of the cell: Na or K? | K |
| The outside of the cell is positive or negative? | Positive |
| The inside of the cell is positive or negative? | Negative |
| Myelin sheath is composed of what? | Schwann cells |
| What are the two divisions of the PNS? | Somatic (voluntary; muscles) and autonomic (involuntary; sympathetic and parasympathetic) |
| What brain region is involved in maintaining homeostasis (hormones, pituitary gland, electrolytes, and temperature)? | Hypothalamus |
| Sites of gas exchange between blood and tissues | Capillaries |
| Blood coming from tissues in veins is high/low in oxygen? | Low; has delivered oxygen and picked up carbon dioxide |
| Blood going to tissues in arteries in high/low in oxygen? | High |
| Which organ stores bile produced by the liver? | Gallbladder |
| Where does most digestion and absorption take place? | Small intestine |
| Where does water reabsorption take place? | Colon |
| Three types of muscle | Cardiac (involuntary), smooth (stomach, intestines, bladder; involuntary); skeletal (bones; voluntary) |
| In muscle, what makes up the sarcomeres? | Actin and myosin |
| Polymers of sarcomeres | Myofibrils |
| Polymers of microfibrils | Muscle cells |
| When body temperature increases, what happens to blood vessels? | Dilation so more heat can be lossed |
| When body temperature decreases, what happens to blood vessels? | Constriction so heat can be conserved |
| What are the two main components of a blastula? | Inner cell mass (embryo) and trophoblast (placenta) |
| In what cells do C4 plants capture carbon dioxide? | Mesophyll cells |
| In what cells do C4 plants do carbon fixation? | Bundle sheath cells |
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