Question | Answer |
inherited as factors from parent to offspring. | traits |
are less likely to be inherited together if they are far apart on the chromosome | linked genes |
predict the traits of offspring | principles of probability |
during gamete formation genes of different traits separate without influencing each other | principle of independent assortment |
Cross a chicken with black feathers with a chicken that has white feather. All the chicks have "blue" (a blend of black and white) feathers. | Codominance inheritance |
Complex traits such as human skin color or height | polygenic inheritance |
These assort independently | chromosomes |
True breeding tall plant crossed with true breeding short plant | F1 plants inherit tall allele from tall parent; short allele from short parent. |
If genes for different traits are linked | F2 plants would show different phenotype ratios for both traits |
Offspring from cross between two, true breeding parents of different forms | Hybrids |
Cross true breeding purple flower with true breeding white flower. All F1 are purple. | Allele for purple is dominant |
A pea plant has a recessive allele for green color seeds. It will make green seeds only if? | it does not have a dominant, yellow seed color allele present |
Organisms with two identical alleles for a trait | Homozygous |
Punnett squares do not show | Actual results for a genetic cross |
Two genes are on the same chromosome and rarely assort independently | the genes are probably located close together |
Cross a true breeding tall plant with a true breeding short plant.
The probability of a tall plant in F2 is? | 75% tall 3:4 |
Nucleotide with deoxyribose, phosphate group, cytosine | DNA nucleotide |
Replication produces two DNA molecules | Each having one original DNA strand and one new DNA strand |
DNA with CTAGGT
What is the complement? | DNA with GATCCA |
Translation is the process that the cell uses to do what? | The cell makes proteins from mRNA |
The number of codons to make 3 amino acids | 3 |
Transcription makes what? | RNA molecules |
The type of amino acid that is added to a polypeptide chain during translation | depends on the codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA |
Genes are instructions for making what? | proteins |
These are both found in DNA and RNA nucleotides | phosphate group, guanine, and cytosine |
DNA is copied by this process | Replication |
Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers | to prevent self-pollination |
An amino acid can have more than one codon, because | there are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids |
The sugar in RNA | Ribose |
The base found in RNA only | Uracil |
types of RNA involved with making a protein | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
This RNA is the blueprint for a protein. | mRNA |
The nucleus contains | DNA molecule, histone and chromosome |
The Human Genome Project attempted to what? | Find the sequence for the entire human genome |
A normal human karyotype contains | 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs |
A karyotype allows for the observation of | an extra chromosome |
The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis | Nondisjunction |
An open circle on a pedigree | female without the trait |
Uses for a pedigree include | if the trait can be inherited
and which allele is dominant and which is recessive |
It is most unlikely to see this on a pedigree. | All symbols half-shaded; everyone's a carrier and no one has the trait. |
The sex-linked allele for color blindness is found | on the X chromosome of pair 23 |
The DNA sequences from the Human Genome Project | are available to researchers all over the world |
Some gametes may have an extra copy of a chromosome, if | non-disjunction occurs in meiosis |
The likelihood of a woman having a baby with Down syndrome | Increases with the age of the mother |
The chromosome error when a part is repeated | a duplication |
Colorblindness is more common in males | the recessive allele is found on the X chromosome |
The chances a child will have a sex-link recessive trait from a female carrier married to a male with the trait | 50% 2:4 |
A person with one copy of the allele for a recessive disorder and does not show the trait | A carrier |
A restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule and leave complementary sticky ends | C-T-T-A-A- G-
C- -A-A-T-T-C- |
The first step in genetically engineering bacteria to make a human protein. | Cut the gene out of human DNA using a restriction enzyme. |
A cell takes in DNA from another source. | Genetic modification |
A bacterium such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens | used to genetically modify plants |
Two cell types used to make animal clones. | body cell (somatic cell) and an egg cell |
Recombinant DNA technology combines | genetic material from different sources into one DNA molecule |
they can study specific genes | when researchers know the organism's DNA sequence |
The father of a colorblind boy may be colorblind. | True |
Lethal dominant alleles are less common because | most people with dominant disorders die before having children. |
A plasmid, a foreign gene and recombinant DNA are all found in | Genetically modified bacterium |
The technique to make transgenic organisms | genetic modification |
An advantage of a transgenic plant | Increased herbicide resistance |
An advantage to using genetically engineered bacteria to produce a human protein | Genetically engineered bacterium can mass-produce a pure human protein |
The start signal for transcription | a promoter |
Charles Darwin made observations during his voyage on the Beagle in this continent. | South America |
Charles Darwin observed on the Galapagos Islands | somewhat similar species to those on the mainland but with traits suited for their environments |
One adaptation Darwin observed in species of finches | the birds' different shaped beaks |
Similar number of bones and their locations between fossil vertebrates and living vertebrates. | Explained on the basis of a common ancestor |
Certain individual organisms leave more offspring than others of the same species. | Because they possess inherited adaptations well-suited to the environment |
Combined alleles of all individuals that make up a population | gene pool |
The ability of the individual to contribute to the gene pool of the next generation | biological fitness |
A pelvis and a femur in a whale | examples of vestigial structures |
Medicines that kill or slow the growth of bacteria | antibiotics |
A change in the gene pool of a population due to random chance | genetic drift |
Darwin's theory of evolution is based on | variation and natural selection |
Farmers selecting animals or plants to use for breeding are looking for traits that | are of value to humans |
In genetic drift, the allele frequencies change due to | chance |
A man and a woman, both heterozygous for normal skin pigmentation have an albino child. | Mendel's principle of dominance and segregation |
Cross a true breeding tall plant with a true breeding short plant. If alleles did not segregate during gamete formation, | all F2 plants would be tall |
Mendel crossed a true breeding tall pea plant with a true breeding short plant, the F1 plants inherited | an allele for tallness from the tall parent, and an allele for shortness from the short parent |
A Punnett square for two different traits shows the genes for each trait | assort independently |
A Punnett square for a cross between a homozygous tall and a heterozygous tall plant. | All offspring will be tall. |
Homologous chromosomes switching sections with each other | crossing over |
The process of meiosis makes... | gametes |
Meiosis results in how many cells? | four genetically different cells |
In cancer, cells lose the ability | to control their rate of division |
The first phase of mitosis | prophase |
Parts of the cell cycle that are not in mitosis | S phase, interphase, cytokinesis |
The mitotic phase of the cell cycle can be divided into | cytokinesis and mitosis |
The cell cycle can be described as | a series of events that cell go through from "birth" to reproduction |
The stage of the cell cycle that results in two daughter cells | mitotic phase (cytokinesis and mitosis) |
The cell cycle includes | G1, G2, and M (mitotic) phase |
The part of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated | S phase |
Crossing-over rarely occurs in mitosis (unlike meiosis) because | tetrads rarely form during mitosis |
An organism's gametes have how many chromosomes compared to its body cells? | half |
Meiosis results in the formation of what kind of cells? | haploid |
A mass of cancer cells | malignant tumor |
One difference between cytokinesis in plants versus and animal cells | plants have a cell plate form during cytokinesis |
the region of sister chromatids where they connect | centromere |
The opposite arms of a chromosome are made of | sister chromatids |
When are chromosomes, paired as sister chromatids, visible | during prophase and metaphase |
what events occur during interphase? | metabolic processes |
Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases. | True statement |
G1, S, and G2 phases are known collectively as | Interphase |
During this phase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell | metaphase |