Question | Answer |
The lacteals absorb | Chylomicrons |
Periodontal tissue | Gingiva |
Physical breakdown of food into smaller particles | Mechanical digestion |
Muscular tube extending from mouth to anus | Alimentary canal |
Muscular tube extending from mouth to the anus, also known as the alimentary canal | Digestive tract |
Teeth | Dentition |
Vomiting without prior knowledge or retching | Projectile vomiting |
Fat digestion begins in the | Stomach |
A tooth is composed mostly of | Dentin |
Peristalsis is controlled by the | Myenteric nerve plexus |
The absorption of dietary ___ requires the intrinsic factor | B12 |
The filing of the stomach stimulates the contractions of the __ | Colon |
The ___ secrete 1 to 2 L of juice per day which has a pH of 7.4 to 7.8 | Intestines |
The __is the first 40% of the small intestine beyond the duodenum | Jejunum |
The __ is the space between the cheeks and the teeth/lips | Vestibule |
Study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders | Gastroenterology |
The esophagus, stomach and intestines have a nervous network known as the ___ which regulates digestive tract motility, secretion and blood flow | Enteric nervous system |
Hold the abdominal viscera in the proper relationship to each other | Mesenteries |
The motility and secretion of the digestive tract are controlled by neural, ___ and paracrine mechanisms | Hormonal |
The average adult has __ teeth | Thirty-two |
The stomach mechanically breaks up food particles, ___ the food and begins the chemical digestion of proteins and fat | Liquifies |
The mixture of gastric juices and food that travels from the stomach through the intestines | Chyme |
About 25% of people develop this as a consequence of cirrohosis | Ascites |
Chronic inflammation resulting in ulceration of the large intestine which tends to be hereditary | Ulcerative colitis |
Hard masses in the gallbladder or bile duct | Gallstones |
Home to more than 700 species of microorganisms, especially bacteria | Human mouth |
Inflammation of the small and large intestines | Crohn disease |
Inflammation of the stomach | Gastritis |
Lacking the enzyme lactase | Lactose intolerance |
Pepsin and HCl have eroded the stomach lining | Peptic ulcer |
Pulp of the tooth is removed and replaced with inert material | Root canal |
Severe pancreatic inflammation | Acute pancreatitis |
Elimination of solid waste | Defecation |
Organ lies against the posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneum on the anterior side only | Retroperitoneal |
The mouth is lined with | Stratified squamous epithelium |
Retain food and push between teeth for chewing | Cheeks/lips |
Manipulates food between the teeth, extract food from teeth; sense of taste is rooted here | Tongue |
Separates oral cavity from nasal cavity | Palate |
Swallowing | Deglutition |
Chewing | Mastication |
Muscular funnel that connects oral cavity to the esophagus and nasal cavity to the larynx | Pharynx |
Straight muscular tube leading to stomach | Esophagus |
Involuntary phase of swallowing | Pharyngoesophageal phase |
Voluntary phase of swallowing | Buccal phase |
Muscular sac used primarily for food storage | Stomach |
Composed mainly of water, HCl acid and pepsin | Gastric juice |
Wrinkles of the stomach mucosa and submucosa | Gastric rugae |
Digests proteins into shorter chains | Pepsin |
Digests dietary fat in the stomach | Gastric lipase |
Forceful ejection of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth | Vomiting |
A typical meal is emptied into the stomach in about ___ hours | 4 |
Reddish brown gland with tremendous variety of functions | Liver |
Largest gland in the body | Liver |
Regulates the passage of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum | Hepatopancreatic sphincter |
Serves to store and concentrate bile | Gallbladder |
Green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, etc. | Bile |
Spongy retroperitoneal gland composed mostly of exocrine tissue | Pancreas |
Stimulates pancreatic cells to secrete enzymes even before food is swallowed | Acetylcholine |
Stimulates pancreatic cells to secrete enzymes and stimulates gallbladder while relaxing the HP sphincter | Cholecystokinin |
Stimulates the ducts of liver and pancreas to secrete abundant sodium bicarbonate solution | Secretin |
Nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the __ | Small intestine |
Begins at the pyloric valve and receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice and bile | Duodenum |
Most digestion/nutrient absorption occurs in this section of the small intestine | Jejunum |
Movement in which stationary ring-like constrictions appear along intestine and relax as new constrictions form elsewhere | Segmentation |
Blind pouch in lower right quadrant of large intestine; appendix is attached to lower right end | Cecum |
Section between ileocecal junction and rectum | Colon |
Micturition occurs when the ___ contracts... | Detrusor muscle |
Process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them... | Excretion |
The compact ball of capillaries in a nephron... | Glomerulus |
Most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood... | Urea |
Urine is about ___ % water... | Ninety-five |
The glomerulus and glomerular capsule make up one... | Renal corpuscle |
Increased ADH secretion should cause the urine to have a lower ___ concentration ... | Potassium |
The urinary system consists of ___ principle organs... | Six |
Any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body's needs is known as a(n)... | Waste |
Substances containing nitrogen that are produced as by-products of cellular metabolism... | Nitrogenous wastes |
Any chemical that increases urine volume... | Diuretic |
The most abundant solute in the urine aside from urea... | Chlorine ions |
The kidney is protected by ___ layers of connective tissue... | 3 |
The kidneys receive about 1.2 liters of blood per minute which is known as the ___ | Renal fraction |
Animals that must conserve water have ___ more numerous nephron loops that those that have little need for conservation... | Longer |
Hormone that regulates the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct... | Antidiuretic hormone |
Ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow without external control... | Renal autoregulation |
Waste substance produced by the body... | Metabolic waste |
Blood flows through the ___ arteries just before entering the cortical radiate arteries; all part of the blood supply to the kidneys | Arcuate |
Each ___ is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule... | Nephron |
Group of epithelial cells of the nephron loop that monitors the flow or composition of the tubular fluid... | Macula densa |
Reflex that is an autonomic reflex activated by pressure in the urinary bladder... | Micturition |
Sphincter that is under involuntary control and relaxes during the micturition reflex... | Internal urethral sphincter |
The two ureters and the urethra form boundaries of a smooth area called the ___ on the floor of the urinary bladder... | Trigone |
Abrupt decline in renal function often due to traumatic damage to the nephron or a loss of blood flow stemming from hemorrhage.... | Acute renal failure |
Any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic polyuria... | Diabetes |
Autoimmune inflammation of the glomeruli which leads to hematuria, edema and hypertension... | Acute glomerulonephritis |
Excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine... | Nephrotic syndrome |
Inability to hold urine | Urinary incontinence |
Increase in fluid pressure in the renal pelvis owing to obstruction of the ureter by kidney stones... | Hydronephrosis |
Infection of the urinary bladder.... | Cystitis |
Kidney stone... | Renal calculus |
Often requires a kidney transplant or hemodialysis... | Chronic renal failure |
Procedure for artificially clearing wastes from the blood when the kidneys are not adequately doing so... | Hemodialysis |
Slipping of the kidney to an abnormally low position... | Nephroptosis |
State in which kidneys cannot maintain hemostasis due to extensive destruction of their nephrons... | Renal insufficiency |
Urine output less than 500 ml a day... | Oliguria |
Urine output greater than 2 L a day... | Polyuria |
Any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic polyuria... | Diabetes |
Body's principle means of waste excretion... | Urinary system |
About 50% of the nitrogenous waste in the body... | Urea |
About ___ of the water that passes through the kidney is reabsorbed... | Two-thirds |
Yellow color of urine is due to...which is a pigment produced by the breakdown of hemoglobine and red blood cells | Urochrome |
The kidneys secrete the hormone ___ which stimulates the production of red blood cells... | Erythropoietin |
Concave surface of the kidney where the renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and ureter are admitted... | Hilum |
Fluid in the capsular space which is similar to blood plasma except that it has almost no protein... | Glomerular filtrate |
Fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule is called... | Tubular fluid |
Fluid that has entered the collecting duct... | Urine |
Blood in the urine... | Hematuria |
Protein in the urine... | Proteinuria |
The process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood... | Tubular reabsorption |
Process in which the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid... | Tubular secretion |
Salt-retaining hormone... | Aldosterone |
Location of the micturition center in the brain... | Pons |
The brain is enveloped within three connective tissue layers called... | Meninges |
Inflammation of the meninges... | Meningitis |
Four internal chambers of the brain... | Ventricles |
Spongy mass of blood capillaries found on the floor of each ventricle... | Choroid plexus |
Clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles... | Cerebropsinal fluid |
Produces a majority of the CS fluid... | Ependyma cells |
Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain... | Hydrocephalus |
Strictly regulates substances in the bloodstream coming into contact with the fluid/tissue of the brain... | Brain-Barrier System |
Enable brain to monitor and respond to fluctuations in the fluid concentrations... | Circumventricular organs |
All nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through the... | Medulla oblongata |
Carries sensory and motor signals up and down the brainstem... | Pons |
Area functions in visual attention, tracking moving objects, and reflexes such as blinking etc... | Midbrain |
Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, habituation, etc... | Reticular formation |
Gateway to the cerebral cortex... | Thalamus |
Becomes the cerebrum... | Telencephalon |
Concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory and some aspects of vision and emotion... | Temporal lobe |
Consists of a collection of neurons that monitor the body temperature... | Hypothalamic thermostat |
Important center of emotion and learning... | Limbic system |
Forms the uppermost part of the brain and is primary site for receiving and interpreting signals of general senses... | Parietal lobe |
Most of the volume of the cerebrum is composed of... | White matter |
Layer covering the surface of the cerebral hemispheres and constituting about 40% of the mass of the brain... | Cerebral cortex |
Lies immediately behind forehead and is chiefly concerned with voluntary motor functions, foresight/planning, emotion, etc... | Frontal lobe |
Primary function is to relay signals from limbic system to thalamus... | Mammillary bodies |
Principle vision center of brain... | Occipital lobe |
Secretes hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland and is major integrating center for ANS... | Hypothalamus |
Tract of the cerebrum that crossings from one hemisphere to the other... | Commissural tracts |
Tract of the cerebrum that connects different regions within the same hemisphere... | Association tracts |
Tract of the cerebrum that carries information between cerebrum and other parts of the body... | Projection tracts |
Receive input from midbrain and motor areas of cerebral cortex and send signals back to both locations... | Basal nuclei |
Complete and persistent absence of brain waves... | Brain death |
Limited to head and employ relatively complex sense organs... | Special senses |
Temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated... | Sleep |
Low levels of these may cause narcolepsy... | Orexins |
Damage to the ___ nerve could result in defects of eye movement... | Abducens |
Hearing is a function of this lobe... | Temporal |
Most of the brain's neurons are found here... | Cerebellum |
Consists of more than 100 small neural networks defined mostly by each's use of different neurotransmitters... | Reticular formation |
Areas of cortex that identify or interpret sensory information... | Association areas |
Branching pattern of white matter within the cerebellum... | Arbor vitae |
Area of cortex that controls the motor pattern for speech... | Broca area |
Right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other by this thick C-shaped bundle of fibers... | Corpus callosum |
Muscular incoordination resulting from damage to the motor areas of the brain during fetal development, birth or infancy... | Cerebral palsy |
Damage to the brain typically resulting from a blow, often with loss of consciousness, disturbances of vision or equilibrium... | Concussion |
Inflammation of the brain... | Encephalitis |
Disorder causing sudden, massive discharge of neurons (seizures)... | Epilepsy |
Recurring headaches often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, dizziness and aversion to light... | Migraine headaches |
A thought disorder involving delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate emotional responses to situations, incoherent speech, etc... | Schizophrenia |
Syndrome characterized by recurring episodes of intense stabbing pain in the trigeminal nerve with no known cause... | Trigeminal neuralgia |
Degenerative disorder of the facial nerve, characterized by paralysis of the facial muscles on one side... | Bell palsy |
Positron emission tomography... | PET scan |
Magnetic resonance imaging... | MRI |
Has the most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve... | Vagus nerve |
Neither hemisphere is dominant but rather each is specialized for certain tasks... | Cerebral lateralization |
Any language deficit resulting from lesions in the hemispheres containing the Wernicke and Broca areas... | Aphasia |
Responsible for recognition of spoken and written language... | Wernicke area |
Generates a motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips to produce speech... | Broca area |
Lesions of the basal nuclei cause these movement disorders... | Dyskinesias |
Intention to contract a skeletal muscle begins here... | Motor association area |
Distributed all over the body and employ relatively simple receptors; include touch, pressure, stretch, etc... | General senses |
Where we recognize faces and other familiar objects... | Visual association area |
Maintained by inner ear and head and eye movements... | Equilibrium |
Site where sensory input is first received and one becomes conscious of a stimulus... | Primary sensory cortex |
Inability to recall things before a brain injury... | Retrograde amnesia |
Inability to store new information after a brain injury... | Anterograde amnesia |
Process of 'teaching the cerebral cortex' until a long-term memory is established... | Memory consolidation |
Range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge... | Cognition |
A person with this experiences excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue... | Narcolepsy |
Backtracking between stage 3 or 4 to stage 2 of sleep... | Rapid eye movement sleep |
Events that reoccur at intervals of about 24 hours... | Circadian rhythms |
Recording the electrical activity of the brain to study normal brain functions such as sleep and consciousness... | Electroencephalogram |
Brain waves absent during deep sleep... | Alpha |
Brain waves accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation... | Beta waves |
A predominance of these waves i awake adults suggests emotion stress or brain disorders.. | Theta waves |
A predominance of delta waves in awake ___ indicates serious brain damage... | Adults |
The amygdala is most likely involved in... | Emotion |
The hippocampus is mostly involved in... | Memory |
About 90% of the human cerebral cortex is a six-layered tissue called the ___... | Neocortex |
Dehydration stimulates the hypothalamus to produce which conserves water by reducing urine output... | Antidiuretic hormone |
Lesions to the ___ cause memory deficits... | Mammillary nuclei |
The ___ controls our 24-hour rhythm of activity | Suprachiasmatic nucleus |
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have abnormally small ___ | Cerebellum |
Process by which the brain learns to ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli while remaining sensitive to others... | Habituation |
Injury to the ___ ca result in irreversible coma... | Reticular formation |
Contains a cardiac center, vasomotor center and respiratory centers... | Medulla oblongata |
Consists of tight junctions between the endothelial cells that form the capillary walls... | Blood-brain barrier |
Formed by tight junctions between the ependymal cells... | Blood-CSF barrier |
Spaces between the dura that collect blood that has circulated through the brain... | Dural sinuses |
Joints are also referred to as... | Articulations |
Science of joint structure, function and dysfunction | Arthrology |
Study of musculoskeletal movement | Kinesiology |
Branch of science which deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including physics of blood circulation, respiration and hearing | Biomechanics |
Where the atlas meets the occipital condyles | Atlantooccipital joint |
Where the glenoid cavity meets the humerus | Glenohumeral joint |
Where the radius meets the ulna | Radioulnar joint |
Bony joints, or ___, are immovable joints formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become one single bone | Synostoses |
A fibrous joint, or ___, is a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other | Synarthrosis |
Immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other | Sutures |
Sutures that appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by their serrated margins | Serrate sutures |
Sutures which occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a joint in carpentry | Lap sutures |
Sutures which occur where two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges | Plane sutures |
Attachment of a tooth to its socket | Gomphosis |
Holds the tooth firmly in place | Periodontal ligament |
A ___ is a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers | Syndesmosis |
Amphiarthrosis | Cartilaginous joint |
Two b ones joined by fibrocartilage | Symphysis |
Joint in which bones are bound by hyaline cartilage | Synchondrosis |
Most familiar type of joint | Synovial |
Most structurally complex type of joint and the most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions | Synovial joints |
Layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3 mm thick that cover the facing surfaces of the two bones in a synovial joint | Articular cartilage |
Narrow space within a joint | Joint cavity |
Slippery lubricant found within diarthroses | Synovial fluid |
Outer capsule which is continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones in a synovial joint | Fibrous capsul |
Composed of mainly fibroblast-like cells that secrete lubricating fluid | Synovial membrane |
Pad of articulating cartilage that crosses the entire joint capsule | Articular disc |
Crescent shape cartilages which adsorb shock and pressure as well as help to guide the bones across each other | Menisci |
Attaches bone to bone | Ligament |
Attaches muscle to bone | Tendon |
Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid | Bursa |
Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon | Tendon sheath |
Portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort | Effort arm |
When synovial fluid is warmed by exercise, it becomes ___ and more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage | Thinner |
Type of exercise that builds bone mass and strengthens the muscles that stabilize the joints | Weight-bearing |
Function of a ___ is to produce a gain in the speed, distance or force of a motion | Lever |
Ratio of output force to input force | Mechanical advantage |
Fulcrum in the middle; example being the atlantooccipital joint of the neck | 1st-class lever |
Resistance is in the middle of the effort and the fulcrum | 2nd-class lever |
Effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance; paddling a canoe | 3rd-class lever |
Degrees through which a joint can move | Range of Motion |
The mandible is a ___ when we open the mouth | 2nd-class lever |
The mandible is a ___ when we close it to bite off a piece of food | 3rd-class lever |
Passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plan of movement | Axis of rotation |
Joint which may move through all three degrees of freedom | Multiaxial joint |
Joint which only has one degree of freedom | Monoaxial Joint |
Classes of synovial joints: Shoulder and hip joints | Ball-and-socket |
Classes of synovial joints: Metacarpophalangeal joints | Condylar |
Classes of synovial joints: Concave in one direction and convex in the other, sitting on top of one another | Saddle Joint |
Classes of synovial joints: Found between the carpal bones of the wrist | Plane Joint |
Classes of synovial joints: Elbow and knee joints | Hinge |
Classes of synovial joints: Monoaxial joints in which a bone spin on it's longitudinal axis | Pivot joints |
When one is standing in AP, each joint is said to be in its ___ | Zero position |
Movement that decreases a joint angle | Flexion |
Movement that straightens a joint | Extension |
Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position | Hyperextension |
Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body | Abduction |
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline | Adduction |
Standing with ankles crossed, fingers crossed, etc | Hyperadducted |
Raising the arm high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of your head | Hyperabduct |
Movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plant | Elevation |
Lowers a body part in the same plane | Depression |
Anterior movement of a body part | Protraction |
Posterior movement | Retraction |
One end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion | Circumduction |
Movement of a bone in which it spins on its longitudinal axis | Rotation |
Forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward | Supination |
Forearm movement that turns the palm posteriorly or downward | Pronation |
Movement to the left or right of the zero position as seen in the mandible | Lateral excursion |
Tilts the hand toward the little finger | Ulnar flexion |
Means to move the thumb to touch the tip of any of the four fingers | Opposition |
Movement in which the toes are elevated | Dorsiflexion |
Foot movement that tips the soles medially | Inversion |
To bend backward at the waist involves ___ of the vertebral column | Hyperextension |
Internal and external rotation of the humerus are made possible by a ___ joint | Ball-and-Socket |
Least moveable joint | Synostosis |
Which joint has anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments? | Knee |
In an adult, the ischium and pubis are united by a ___. | Symphysis |
Science of movement | Biomechanics |
A ___ synovial joint allows one bone to swivel on another | Pivot |
Synchondroses contain what kind of cartilage? | Hyaline |
Symphyses contain what kind of cartilage? | Fibrocartilage |
The interosseous membranes between the ulna and radius as well as the tibia and fibula are examples of what type of joints? | Fibrous |
The knuckles of the fingers are ___ synovial joints | Condylar |
The knuckles of the fingers are ___ joints | Synovial |
The menisci of the knee are functionally similar to the ___ of the TMJ | Articular disc |
Adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement | Plane joint |
Bone spins on its longitudinal axis | Pivot joint |
Carpal bones of the wrist | Plane joint |
Concave in one direction and convex in the other | Saddle joint |
Flat or only slightly concave/convex surfaces | Plane joint |
Metacarpophalanageal joints | Condylar joint |
Oval convex surface fits into a complementary shaped depression | Condylar joint |
Sternoclavicular joint | Saddle joint |
Trochlear notch of the ulna and trochlea of the humerus | Hinge joint |
Range of motion gives us and other primates the opposable thumb | Saddle joint |
Broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint | Arthritis |
Doctor specializing in the joints - function/dysfunction | Arthrologist |
The vertebrae and the intervertebral discs are what type of cartilaginous joint? | Symphysis |
The ___ does not actually articulate with the femur in the knee joint | Fibula |
A person ___ their arm if they raise it high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of the head | Hyperabducts |
Connective tissue that encloses a synovial cavity and retains the fluid | Joint capsule |
Most commonly dislocated joint in the body | Shoulder |
Articulations between the tibia and fibula with the talus | Talocrural joint |
Cause movement by pulling one bone toward another across a moveable joint | Muscle Contractions |
Attach muscles to bones and other connective tissues | Tendons |
Normally attached to the more stationary of the bones involved in a joint | Origin |
Largest portion of a muscle, located between the origin and the head | Belly |
Muscle causing an action when it contracts | Agonist |
Muscle which works against a movement in the opposite direction | Antagonist |
The shape and size of a given muscle greatly influences the degree to which it can ___ and amount of force it can generate | Contract |
Stabilize one or more joints crossed by the prime mover | Fixator |
Very broad tendon | Aponeurosis |
Insertion located at the superior nuchal line and mastoid process | Splenius capitis |
Fasciculi are shorter at the base of the neck and leave a diamond shaped area over inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebral spines | Trapezius |
Twisted neck; may result from injury to one of the sternocleidomastoid muscles | Torticollis |
Rough, raspy noise that can occur when a sleeping person inhales through mouth and nose | Snoring |
Stabilize they hyoid from below so the muscles above can depress the mandible | Infrahyoid muscles |
Attached to pubic crest and symphysis pubis | Rectus abdominis |
Attached to sternum and xiphoid process | Transversus thoracis |
Connected to inferior and superior margins of each rib | Intercostalis |
Elevates first and second ribs | Scalenus |
Stimulated by the upper lumbar nerve to laterally flex vertebral column and depress 12th rib | Quadratus lumborum |
Depresses scapula or elevates the ribs | Pectoralis minor |
Fixes clavicle or elevates first rib | Subclavius |
Rotates and protracts scapula and elevates the ribs | Serratus anterior |
The arm is attached to the thorax by the ___ and the latissimus dorsi | Pectoralis major |
Like three muscles in one; flexing shoulder, abducting the arm, and extending the shoulder | Deltoid |
Primary muscles holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa | Rotator cuff muscles |
Forms the upper chest | Pectoralis major |
Involves forcefully closing the mouth and grinding food between teeth | Mastication |
Muscles completely enclosed within the system which they function in moving | Intrinsic |
Most the pelvic floor is formed by the coccygeus muscle and the ___ | Levator ani |
The ___ and the buccinator pucker the mouth | Orbicularis oris |
The muscle in charge of closing the eyelids and results in the wrinkles known as "crows feet" | Orbicularis oculi |
Depress the mandible and elevate the larynx | Hyoid Muscles |
Group which accounts for most of the muscle mass in the lower back | Longissimus spinalis |
Prime mover of the lateral group (head/neck) | Sternocleidomastoid |
White line running from xiphoid process to pubis composed of white connective tissue rather than muscle | Linea alba |
Pivot point | Fulcrum |
Muscle fibers arranged like the barbs of a feather along a common tendon | Pennate |
Fasciculi arranged in one direction along the long axis of the muscle | Parallel |
Muscle fibers are arranged to form a much larger base than insertion | Convergent |
Have fasciculi arranged in a circle around an opening and act as sphincters | Circular |
Rigid shaft capable of turning about a pivot point | Lever |
Most common lever class in the body | Class III |
Weight located between the fulcrum and the pull | Class II |
Fulcrum located between the force and the weight | Class I Lever |
Raises the eyebrows and furrows the skin of the forehead | Occipitofrontalis |
Droopy eyelid on one side due to nerve damage | Ptosis |
The ___ of the mandible are some of the strongest muscles of the body | Elevators |
Change tongue shape | Intrinsic muscles |
Depress, protrude, retract and depress, and elevates the tongue | Extrinsic muscles |
Can result from poor posture, being overweight, or from having poor fitness | Lower back pain |
Causes major movement produced during quiet breathing | Diaphragm |
Transect the rectus abdominis at three or sometimes more locations causing the muscle to appear segmented | Tendinous intersections |
Inferior pelvic floor | Perineum |
Major connection of the upper limb to the body is accomplished by ___ | Muscles |
Extension of the elbow is accomplished by the ___ and the anconeus | Triceps brachii |
Flexion of the elbow is accomplished by the brachialis, biceps brachii and ___ | Brachioradialis |
Can result from forceful, repetitive use of forearm extensor muscles | Tennis elbow |
Flex the hip, referred to in this way because of the two muscles common origin/insertion and because they produce the same movement | Iliopsoas |
Contributes most of the mass that can be seen as the buttocks | Gluteus maximus |
Means "tailor" | Sartorius |
Anterior thigh muscles are the ___ and the sartorius | Quadriceps femoris |
Longest muscle of the body | Sartorius |
Named because in pigs these tendons can be used to suspend hams during curing | Hamstrings |
Term involving any one of the four conditions associated with pain in the anterior portion of the leg | Shinsplints |
Plantaris joins with the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment to form the ___ | Achilles tendon |
To make a muscle contract more strongly, the nervous system can activate more motor units... | Recruitment |
Functional unit of a muscle fiber... | Sarcomere |
Before a muscle can contract, ATP must bind to.. | Myosin head |
Smooth muscles have ___ whereas skeletal muscles do not... | Calmodulin |
Hardening of the muscles and stiffening of the body beginning 3 to 4 hours after death... | Rigor mortis |
Slow oxidative fibers have an abundance of ... | Glycogen |
Ability to contract rhythmically and independently... | Autorhythmicity |
Bundles of parallel protein microfilaments within each myofibril... | Myofilaments |
Study of electrical activity of cells... | Electrophysiology |
Minimum stimulus intensity that will make a muscle contract... | threshold |
Neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle... | Acetylcholine |
Muscle contains this oxygen-binding pigment... | Myoglobin |
End product of anerobic fermentation that causes muscle fatigue... | Lactic acid |
Protein within the sarcoplasmic reticulum that binds to calcium and sotres it until the next muscle contraction... | Calsequestrin |
Usually forms layers in the walls of larger organs such as stomach, intestines, etc. | Smooth muscle |
Smallest and most abundant plasma protein in the blood... | Albumin |
All formed elements trace their origins to a common type of ___ in the bone marrow... | Hemopoietic stem cells |
Consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.... | Circulatory system |
Largest of the WBCs and are often about two to three times the diameter of a RBC... | Monocytes |
Kidney hormone that stimulates RBC production... | Erythropoietin |
Overall cessation of bleeding... | Hemostasis |
Clotting of the blood... | Coagulation |
Mass of platelets that forms to reduce or stop minor bleeding... | Platelet plug |
Prompt constriction of the broken blood vessel... | Vascular spasm |
Red pigment that gives RBCs their color and name... | Hemoglobin |
Sticky protein that adheres to the walls of a ruptured vessel... | Fibrin |
Contribute most to the viscosity of blood... | Erythrocytes |
Serum is blood plasma minus it's... | Clotting proteins |
Route by which blood leaves an organ... | Venous drainage |
Large transverse vein in the coronary sulcus... | Coronary sinus |
Coronary sinus empties into the... | Right atrium |
Consists of the heart and the blood vessels... | Cardiovascular system |
Contraction of any heart chamber... | Systole |
Relaxation of any heart chamber... | Diastole |
Death of cardiac tissue from lack of blood flow... | Myocardial infarction |
Compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid or clotted blood in the pericardial cavity... | Cardiac tamponade |
Fluid accumulation in either circuit due to insufficiency of ventricular pumping... | Congestive heart failure |
Inflammation of the pericardium... | Acute pericarditis |
Any failure of a valve to prevent reflux... | Valvular insufficiency |
Persistent, resting heart rate of below 60 bpm... | Bradycardia |
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles regulate speech by rotating the... | Arytenoids cartilages |
Grapelike clusters of thin-walled respiratory sacs... | Alveoli |
Respiratory arrest would most likely result from a tumor of the... | Medulla oblongata |
Protects the lungs from injury by excessive inspriation... | Inflation reflex |
Close larynx during swallowing... | Vestibular folds |
Produce sounds when air passes between them... | Vocal folds |
Consists of those passages that serve only for airflow... | Conducting division |
Pulmonary infection with bacteria which invades the lungs by way of air, blood or lymph and compromises ventilation of the lungs... | Tuberculosis |