Question | Answer |
Aminoglycosides | misreading of codons--incorrect amino acids are added |
Ampicillin | broad range of derivative of penicillin--modification allows it to penetrate outer memgrane of gram-negative bacteria and kill them |
Antibiotic susceptibility | test for by pure cultures to identify organisms--organism many known resistances to ABT--sensitive txs possible--ABTs placed on paper disk then petri dish--ABT difuses into surrounding agar--sensitive organisms near disk are killed or growth prohibited |
Antibiotics | chemical agents that fits need to kill or inhibit microbes without harming patient--antilige compounds |
B-lactam | four ring structure contained by penicillins--crucial to activity |
Broad-spectrum antibiotics | can inhibit most all organisms-- |
Chemotherapuetic agents | associated with agents used for tx of cancer |
Chloramphenicol | antibacterials with peptide bond formation |
Ciprofloxacin | polymixin--tolerated quite will internally--used extensively |
Erythromycin | antibacterial--movement of peptidyl-tRNA to allow addition of more amino acids |
Kirby-Bauer test | determines--drugs for which given microbe is sensitive--concentration level at which drug is effective |
Minium effective therapeutic dose | patient-effective concentration of antibiotic |
Minimum inhibitory concentration | MIC--most dilute concentration that inhibits bacterial growth |
Narrow spectrum | ABTs--penicillin--inhibit only gram-positive bacteria |
Polymyxin | antibacterial--only one able to kill nongrowing cells |
Quinolines | ABTs that act against bacterial DNA synthesis |
Rifampin | ABTs that inhibit bacterial RNA synthesis |
Selection | after mutation occurs--penicillin in environment causes all but mutant to be killed--only mutant grows--mutants are selected out of the total population |
Selective toxicity | drugs that exhibit complete or 100% lethality to microbes with zero effect on patient |
Selectivity | penicillin-based ABTs initially known as magic bullets or miracle cures--kill microbes without killing patient |
Sulfa | drugs that inhibit synthesis of vitamin folic acid from para-aminobenzoic acid--high selective toxicity for bacteria as well as some fungi/parasites |
Tetracyclines | antibacterials that are tRNA binding |
Therapeutic index | divide lowest toxic dose of ABT by minimum effective therapeutic dose--tells range of dosage that can be used in the human body |
Tube dilution test | ABT is serially diluted (usually by twofold increments) in several tubes of bacteria--determin how little ABT is required to stop bacterial growth |
Zone of inhibition | area of dead/inhibited organisms and measured width is measure of ABT potency |