Question | Answer |
External Respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lung and environment |
Internal Respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at cellular level |
Upper Respiratory Tract | nose
pharynx
bronchial tree |
Parts of Nose | conchae
paranasal sinuses
smell receptors
nasolacrimal ducts |
Parts of Pharynx | nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
eustachian tubes |
Parts of Bronchial Tree | left and right bronchus
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli |
Describe Lungs | large, paired spongy cone shaped organs
right lung has 3 lobes & left 2
oxygenated blood returns to heart via pulmonary veins
visceral pleura
parietal pleur |
Gas exchange occurs via ______ | diffusion |
Describe Visceral Pleura | thin, moist serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung |
Parietal Pleura | thin, moist serous membrane that covers the thoracic cavity |
Pleural Cavity | airtight vacuum that contains negative pressure that helps keep the lungs inflated |
Describe Respiratory Movements and Ranges | rhythmic movements of chest walls, ribs, and muscles allow air to be inhaled and exhaled |
Regulation of Respiration | nervous control-medulla oblongata and pons of the brain; chemoreceptors-in the carotid and aorta |
Reasons to Perform Extensive Respiratory Assessment | chronic respiratory or cardiac conditions
history of respiratory impairment related to trauma
recent surgery or anesthesia |
Chest Radiographs (Roentgenogram) | visualize lungs and major thoracic vessels
view alter. in size & locat. of pulmonary structures
ID lesions, infiltration, foreign bodies, or fluid
shows disorder involving parenchyma or interstitial spaces
pneumothorax, pneumonia, pleural effusion, ed |
CT | scans lungs
requires pt teaching to decrease anxiety
can be viewed diagonal or cross-sectional |
PFT | performed to assess large & small airways
obtain info. on lung volume, ventilation, pulmonary spirometry, gas exchange |
Mediastinoscopy | surgical endoscopic procedure to obtain lymph nodes for biopsy for tumor diagnosis
performed under general anesthesia |
Laryngoscopy | allows for direct or indirect visualization of larynx
requires local or general anesthesia |
Bronchoscopy | examination of tracheobronchial tree for abnormalities, tissue biopsy, secretions for cytological or bacteriological studies
patient treated as surgical pt |
Nursing Interventions for a Bronchoscopy | informed consent
NPO until gag reflex returns
places in semi-fowlers and turned to one side
monitored for S&S of laryngeal edema or spasms
monitor sputum for signs of hemorrhage if biopsy taken |
Sputum Specimen | obtained for microscopic evaluation |
Cytology Studies | performed on sputum or pleural fluid to detect the presence of abnormal or malignant cells |
Thoracentesis | surgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural space with needle for aspiration of fluid |
Nursing Interventions for Thoracentesis | explain procedure and obtain informed consent
performed at bedside, sitting upright, & leaning over a bedside table or on side with affected side up |
Normal ABGs | pH 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 35-45 mmHg
PaO2 80-100 mmHg
HCO3 22-28 mEq/L
SaO2 >95% |
Oxygenation | carried in bloodstream in 2 forms - dissolved in plasma (Pa02), combined with hemoglobin (SaO2) |
Ventilation | respiratory component of acid-base balance
relationship between pH & PaCO2
HCO3 measure of metabolic component of acid-base
kidneys respond to alterations in pH |
Pulse Oximetry Monitoring | noninvasive method for continuous monitoring of SaO2 |
SaO2 Needed to Adequately Replenish O2 in Plasma | 90-100% |
SaO2 Below ____ Life Threatening | 70% |
Adventitious | abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds |
Atelectasis | collapse of lung tissues, preventing respiratory exchange of O2 & CO2 |
Bronchoscopes | used to examine larynx, trachea, bronchi |
Coryza | acute inflammation of mucus membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses |
Crackles | short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling breath sounds heard on auscultation |
Cyanosis | slightly bluish, gray, slatelike, or dark purple discolaration of skin |
Dyspnea | shortness of breath, difficulty breathing |
Embolism | |