Question | Answer |
carbohydrate | organic compound made of varying numbers of monosaccharides |
monosaccharide | single sugar |
disaccharide | two simple sugars bonded together |
simple carb/sugar | category of carbs consisting of mono- and disaccharides |
hexose | monosaccharide made of 6 carbon atoms |
glucose | a six-carbon monosaccharide produced by photosynthesis in plants |
photosynthesis | process whereby plants use nrg from the sun to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water |
fructose | sugar found in fruits and vegetables (levulose) |
high-fructose corn syrup | substance derived from corn that is used to sweeten foods and beverages |
galactose | 6-carbon monosaccharide found mainly bonded with glucose to form the milk sugar lactose |
lactose | disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose (mammary glands) |
maltose | disaccharide consisting of two glucose bonded together; formed from the breakdown of starch |
sucrose | disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose (found in F & V) |
glycosidic bond | a type of chemical bond that forms between 2 monos |
alpha glycosidic bond | a downward-facing type of glycosidic bond between 2 monos |
beta glycosidic bond | an upward-facing type of glycosidic bond between 2 monos |
complex carbs | category of carbs that includes oligosaccharides and polysaccharides |
oligosaccharide | made of 3-12 monos |
polysaccharide | complex carbs made of many monos 13+ |
amylose | a type of starch consisting of a linear (unbranced) chain of glucose molecules |
amylopectin | a type of starch consisting of a highly branched arrangement of glucose molecules |
glycogen | polysaccharide consisting of a highly branched arrangement of glucose molecules (found in liver and skeletal muscles) |
carb loading | technique used to increase the body's glycogen stores |
fiber | poly found in plants that is not digested or absorbed in the human small intestin |
dietary fiber | fiber that naturally occurs in plants |
functional fiber | fiber that is added to food to provide beneficial physiological effects |
total fiber | the combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber |
diverticular disease, or diverticulosis | condition in large intestin; characterized by the presence of pouches that form along the intestinal wall |
diverticulitits | inflammation of divericula (pouches) in the lining of the large intestin |
soluble fiber | fiber that dissolves in water |
insoluble fiber | fiber that does not dissolve in water |
bran | the outer later of a grain; contains most of the fiber |
germ | the portion of a grain that contains most of its vitamins and minerals |
endosperm | the portion of a grain that contains mostly starch |
whole-grain foods | cereal grains that contain bran, endosperm, and germ in the same relative proportion as they exist naturally |
salivary alpha-amylase | enzyme(salivary gland)that digests starch by hydrolyzing a-1,4 glycosidic bonds |
dextrin | a partial breakdown product formed during starch digestion, consistinf of varying numbers of glucose untis |
pancreatic a-amylase | enzyme(pancreas) which digests starch by hydrolyzing a-1,4 glycosidic bonds |
maltase | brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes maltose into glucose molecules |
brush border enzyme | enzyme(enterocytes) which aids in the final steps of digestion |
limit dextrin | a partial breakdown product formed during amylopectin digestion that contains 3-4 glucose molecules and an a-1,6 glycosidic bond |
a-dextrinase | brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes a-1,6 glycosidic bonds |
disaccharidase | brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes g-bonds to disaccharides |
sucrase | brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose |
lactase | brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes into glucose and galactose |
lactose intolerance | inability to digest the milk sugar lactose; lack of lactase |
glycemic response | the change in blood glucose following the ingestion of a specific food |
glycemic index(GI) | a rating system used to categorize foods according to the relative glycemic responses they elicit |
glycemic load(GL) | a rating system used to categorize the body's glycemic response to foods that takes into account of carb typically found in a single serving of the food |
insulin | hormone secreted by the pancreatic B-cells in response to increased blood glucose |
glucagon | hormone secreted by the pancreatic a-cells in response to decreased blood glucose |
glucose transporters | proteins that assist in the transport of glucose molecules across cell membranes |
insulin-responsive glucose transporters | glucose transporters that require insulin to function |
insulin receptors | proteins(surface of cell membranes) that bind insulin |
hyperglycemia | abnormally high level of glucose in the blood |
impaired glucose regulation | condition characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood |
glycogenesis | formation of glycogen |
hypoglycemia | abnormally low level of glucose in the blood |
reactive hypoglycemia | low blood glucose that occurs when the pancreas releases too much insulin in response to eating carb-rich foods |
fasting hypoglycemia | low blood glucose that occurs when the pancreas releases excess insulin during periods of low food intake |
glycogenolysis | the breakdown of liver & muscle glycogen into glucose |
epinephrine | hormone released from the adrenal glands in response to stress; helps increase blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis |
gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from noncarb sources |
cortisol | hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in response to stress; helps increase blood glucose availability via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis |
ketone | organic compound used as an nrg source during starvation, fasting, low-carb diets, or uncontrolled diabetes |
ketogenesis | metabolic pathway that leads to the production of ketones |
ketosis | condition resulting from excessive ketones in the blood |