Question | Answer |
Stress | .universal experience of human existence that can negatively affect the body's homeostasis.<p>
.Can contribute directly to the development/exacerbation of a disease.<p>
.Can contribute to - behaviors(smoking/drugs)<p>
.Can arise from +(weddings/vacatio |
Hans Selye | .described body changes associated with stress in the 1930's.<p>
.Noted that body responded to stimuli, or stressor with a series of non-specific events. |
general adaption syndrome (GAS) | .A cluster of systemic manifestations as a result of modifying in an attempt to cope with a stressor.<P>
.Factors include natural reserve, time, genetics, age, gender, health status, nutrition, sleep-wake cycles, hardiness, & psychosocial factors. |
general adaption syndrome (GAS) 3 steps | 1. Alarm<br>
2. Resistance<br>
3. Exhaustion<br> |
(GAS) step 1: Alarm stage | .generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in the release of catecholamines and cortisol, or the fight-or-flight response. |
(GAS) step 2: Resistance | .body chooses the most effective and advantageous defense<p>
.fight/flight symptoms disappear<p>
.Body will adapt/alter to attempt to become desensitized(meditation/relaxation)<p>
. |
(GAS) step 3: Exhaustion | .initiated if stressor is prolonged or overwhelms the body.<p>
.Body becomes depleted and damage may appear as homeostasis cannot be maintained.<p>
.Disease or death results<p>
.anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infections, cardiovascular disea |
Local Adaptation Syndrome | .confines the damage of the stressor to 1 location
.ex:local tissue trauma |
Stress factors | .genetics,age,gender,life experiences,dietary status,& social support<p>
.coping strategies(physical activity,sleep,diet)<p>
.maladaptive(smoking,alcohol,drugs,eating) |
Immune system | .protects the body against microorganisms(bacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoans,prions)& removes damaged cells & destroys cancer cells<p>
.ability to respond to a foreign agent or antigen |
1st line of defense | .Non-specific<p>
.Most prominent(skin & mucous membranes)<p>
.skin is acidic that inhibits bacterial growth<p>
.Hydrochloric acid in stomach destroys bacteria.
.Tears & saliva: Lysozyme, destroys bacterial cell walls |
2nd line of defense | 1. inflammatory response<p>
2. pyrogens<p>
3. interferons<p>
4. complement proteins |
Inflammatory response | .erythema(redness),edema(swelling),heat,& pain<p>
.triggered by mediators (mast cells:histamine;vasodilation & prostagladins;pain receptors)
.arterioles limit bleeding & extent<p>
.know the process of <b>(NOTES) |
Pyrogens | .Molecules released by macrophages that have been exposed to bacteria.<p>
.Travel to hypothalamus & ^ body temp.Not good for bacteria.Spleen & Liver remove iron from blood
.Fever increases metabolism(^ healing&phagocytosis)<p>
.over 105 denatures prote |
Interferons<p>
<b>BOOK figure 2-5 | .Def:proteins released from cells infected by viruses<p>
.Bind to noninfected<p>
.triggers synthesis of enzymes that inhibit viral replication<p>
.viruses cannot replicate in uninfected
.Interferon production is dying cells attempt to protect other ce |
Complement proteins | .involves blood plasma proteins that enhance action of antibodies<p>
.5 form membrane-attack complex in bacteria<p>
.water makes cell swell,burst<p>
.Stimulate vasodilation<p>
.permeability of vessels<p>
.chemical attractants<p>
.bind to microbes<p> |
3rd line of defense | .Body's own immune system<p>
.players in the recognition of the antigens that make it through the first 2 layers of immunity are T cells and B cells.
.Circulate through body fluid & lymphoid tissue(tonsils,lymph nodes,spleen,intestinal lymphoid tissue) |
T cells (cellular immunity) | .produced in the bone marrow<p>
.matures in the thymus (named T cell)<p>
.2 types:regulator and effector<p>
.Work to protect against virus & cancer<p>
.responsible for hypersensitivity & transplant rejection |
regulator cells (T cells) | .include helper T cells & suppressor T cells<p>
.Helper T cell-activates B cells to produce antibodies<p>
.Suppressor T cells-turns antibody production off |
effector (T cells) | .Killer cells/cytotoxic cells(destroy antigens)<p>
.destroys cells infected with viruses by releasing lymphokines that destroy cell walls. |
B cells (humoral immunity) | .Mature in bone marrow<p>
.memory or immunoglobulin-secreting(antibody)cells
.Eliminate bacteria,neutralize toxins,prevent viral reinfection,immediate inflammatory response
.B cell activates & multiplies into antibody-producing or memory cell |
memory cell (B cell) | .aids quick response to subsequent exposures to an antigen because memory cells recall the antigen as foreign, and antibody production is rapid |
acquired immunity | Results from subsequent exposure to an antigen because memory cells recall the antigen as foreign, and antibody production is rapid.
.<b>BOOK Table 2-3 |
Active acquired immunity | Process gained by actively having an antigen through invasion or vaccination. In active immunity, a person makes his or her own antibodies, and protection is usually long term. |
Altered Immune Response | Malfunctions may include exaggeration (hyper sensitivity), misdirection(autoimmune), or diminution(immunodeficiency) |
Hypersensitivity | inflated or inappropriate response to an antigen. The result is inflammation and destruction of tissue. May be immediate or delayed.
.<b>NOTES for different types
.BOOK p40 Table 2-2 |
Allogenic transplant | Tissue is used from the same species of similar tissue type but is not identical |
Syngenic transplant | Use tissue from the identical twin of the host |
Autologous transplant | the host and donor are the same person<p>
.storing his/her own blood prior to surgery |
Hyperacute tissue rejections | .Occurs 3 days after transplant<p>
.systemic inflammatory reaction<p>
.tissue becomes permanently necrotic<p> |
Acute tissue rejection | .Most common and treatable type of rejection<p>
.between 4 days and 3 months following the transplant<p>
.cell mediated & result in lyses or necrosis<p>
.inflammatory response at the graft site<p> |
Chronic tissue rejection | .4 months to a year after the transplant<p>
.Most likely due to antibody-mediated immune response<p>
.Antibodies & complements deposit in the transplanted tissue vessel walls, resulting in decreased blood flow and ischemia |
Autoimmune disorders | .normal defenses become self destructive<p>
.Theory:viral,genetic,medicinal,hormonal,environmental<p>
.More women than men<p>
.Periods of exacerbation(worsening)&remission(easing)<p>
.Ex:SLE,rheumetoid arthritis,Guillain-Barre syndrome |
Immunodeficiency | A diminished or absent immune response that increases susceptibility to infections<p>
.May be primary(reflecting a defect with the immune system) or secondary(reflecting an underlying disease or factor that is suppressing the immune system)<p> |
Immunodeficiency (continued) | Most common forms are caused by viral infections or iatrogenic reactions to therapeutic drugs (ex:corticosteroids and chemotherapy) |
Primary deficits | Involve basic developmental failures, many resulting from genetic or congenital abnormalities(ex:hypogammaglobulinemia) |
Secondary or acquired immunodeficiency | Loss of immune function because of a specific cause. May include infection, splenectomy, malnurition, hepatic disease, drug therapy, or stress. |
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