| Question | Answer |
| Junction between two neurons or neuron & effector organ | Synapse |
| Electrical current flows directly from cell to cell | Electrical Synapse |
| Neurotransmitters aid in impulse transmission | Chemical Synapse |
| Left & Right Hemispheres
Frontal, Temporal, Parietal & Occipital Lobes
Cerebral Cortex | Cerebrum |
| Personality, Motor, Broca's | Frontal Lobe |
| Auditory, Wernicke's | Temporal Lobe |
| Sensory | Parietal Lobe |
| Visual | Occipital Lobe |
| Affects Motor speech - Understand words but cannot speak
Expressive aphasia | Broca's area |
| Affects Ability to understand words and language
Receptive aphasia | Wernicke's center |
| Affects motor & receptive gone | Global aphasia |
| Functional unit of the nervous system | Neuron |
| Neurons need an uninterrupted supply of ____ & ____ or they will die --> Brain Dmg | glucose & oxygen |
| Support, nourish & protect neurons
(four types) | Neuroglia or Glial cells |
| Most strokes happen in frontal lobe: Brocca's area | Slurred Speech |
| Coordination of muscle movement
Maintenance of equilibrium and muscle tone | Cerebellum |
| Ipsilateral Control | Same Side |
| Dmg. to this part of the brain stem, which controls resp. centers can lead to different respiratory patterns | Pons |
| No feedback in this part of the brain - continues to produce CSF (20 mL/hr) | Ventricular System |
| Fold in the meninges, Protective Structure
Above: Supratentorial
Below: Infratentorial | Tentorium |
| Prevents toxic substances from entering
Permeable to what it needs: glucose, lipids
Most Drugs CANNOT permeate | Blood Brain Barrier |
| Cranial Nerve: Pupil Control | III. Occulomotor |
| Cranial Nerve: Extra ocular eye movement | VI. Abducens |
| Cranial Nerve: Gag reflex | IX. Glossopharyngeal |
| Cranial Nerve: Involuntary functions of lungs | X. Vagus |
| Brain Veins --> | No Valves
(go w/gravity) |
| Brain Dmg., Deprived O2 --> Brain stem intact, but all content is gone | Persistent Vegetative State (PVS) |
| No function of Entire Brain & Brain Stem | Brain Death |
| Hypothermia & CNS depressants | Hide brain activity |
| Measures:
Eyes opening
Best verbal Response
Best Motor response
(best is 15) | Glasgow Coma Scale |
| Dmg. or tumor in cerebellum causes --> | loss of balance/coordination |
| Produced in the ventricles then moves to subarachnoid space
No feedback --> Continuous production
20 mL/day (48 0mL/hr) | CSF |
| Low pressure | Venous |
| High pressure | Arterial |
| (Normal is +)
Oculocephalic - Doll's Eyes
Oculovestibular | Normal Reflexes |
| Ipsilateral dilated pupil | Structural compression on cranial nerve |
| Bilateral fixed dilated pupils | Ominous sign |
| (Normal is -)
Grasp reflex
Babinski | Pathologic Reflexes |
| Hydrostatic force measured in the brain cerebrospinal fluid compartment
Brain tissue "water" - 78%
Blood - 12%
Cerebrospinal fluid - 10% | Intracranial Pressure |
| Normal ICP | <15 mm Hg |
| Measures Intracranial Volume
ICV = H2O + CSF + CBV
(Increase/decrease in one must be compensated for) | Monroe-Kellie Hypothesis |
| Manifestations of Increased ICP:
1. Decrease in LOC
2. Headache | Early |
| Manifestations of Increased ICP:
3. Vomiting (mid-part of brain)
4. Seizures (Any brain injury is prone to) | Late |
| Manifestations of Increased ICP:
5. Chg. in VS (Cushing's Triad)
6. Ocular Chgs. (Pupilary chgs.)
7. Decreased motor function or posturing | Really Late |
| Maintenance of Blood flow is critical because of O2 & Glucose demands of the brain - Maintained by Autoregulation | Cerebral Blood Flow |
| Alteration in diameter of vessels to maintain constant blood flow to the brain over a wide range in systematic arterial pressure | Cerebral Autoregulation |
| For autoregulation, MAP must be btwn: | 50 and 150 mmHg |
| DBP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
OR
(2(DBP) + SBP)/3 | MAP |
| Loss of Cerebral Autoregulation leads to | Increased ICP |
| An abnormal flexion that indicates cerebral hemisphere dysfunction | Decorticate posturing |
| An abnormal extension that indicates brainstem dysfunction | Decerebrate posturing |
| inadequate oxygen delivery to meet cellular oxygen demands | Common to all shock states is |
