Question | Answer |
what is the epidermis? | outer layer of skin |
What does epidermis contain? | stratum corneum
keratom-tough protectiv protein formed by stratum corneum.
completely replaced every 35--45 days |
what is the dermis? | True skin--connective tissue, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, sweat & sebaceous glands, hair follicles |
melanin | pigment that determines color of skin |
what are the 4 functions of skin? | protection, temp. regulation, sensory processing, chemical synthesis. |
how does skin protect? | forms protective barrier, prevents water loss, 1st line of defense |
what are calluses? | formed-think layer of epidermal cells |
what causes a blister to develope? | intense friction |
how does skin regulate temperature? | by dilating and constricting blood vessels |
what are the 4 methods of heat loss? | radiation-transfer of heat into environment
conduction-transfer of heat thru direct contact
evaporation-loss of moisture or water
convection transfer thru currents of air or liquids. |
what is sensory processing? | pressure, pain, heat, cold |
What is hair made of? | keratin and amino acids |
what hair grows most rapidly? | scalp |
what do sebaceous and sweat glands secret? | sebum oil |
what are they connected to? | each hair follicle |
where are eccrine glands? | groin, mostly water |
what are apocrine glands? | armpits, nipples, eyes, more sebaceous |
what are finger/toenails? | hard keratin: protective function: nail root. |
Lunulla? | crescent moon in nail, abundant cap supply |
assessment | history of; 1st symptoms, frequency of episodes, precipitatin gfactors, alleviating factors, pain level, pruritus |
physical assessment | redness, breakdown, rashes, turgor, temp.(back of hand on surface) moisture, color, |
nail assessment | normal structures, shape & thinckness, color of nail bed, cap refill time. |
what is a macule? | flat, round colored freckles |
what is a papule? | elevated with raised border, solid (wart) |
what is a vesicle? | elevated, filled with serum (blister) |
What is a wheal? | elevated, irregular border, no free fluid (hives) |
what is a pustule? | elevated and fillled with puss (boil) |
what is a nodule? | elevated solid mass that extends into deeper tiss (enlarged lymph node) |
what is a cyst? | encapsulated round fluid filled or solid mass beneath skin. (tissue growth) |
what is a pressure sore? | decubitus ulcer: when cap blood flow to an area is reduced. Happens over bony prominences, where skin is compressed against hard surface over time. |
Where are common areas for press. sores? | coccyx, sacrum or hips, back of head, shoulder blades, heels, elbows, ears. |
what are the stages of press. sores? | 1. redness 2. blistering or tear 3. shallow crater with drainage 4. deep ulcerated tissues, exposed muscle and bone, most threatening, may lead to sepsis |
how to avoid pressure sores? | turn frequently (q2hours) keep clean and dry, use moisturizing cleansers, pressure relieving devices, pad body areas, avoid shearing. |
what are the risk factors for press. sores? | dehydration, diaphoresis, immobility, inactivity, incontinence, edema, malnutrition |
what treatment is effective for pressure ulcers open surgical wounds, trauma wounds? | negative pressure wound therapy. |
what are integumentary diagnostic tests? | visual inspection, culture & sensitivity tests, allergy tests, Woods light, potassium hydroxide test, fungal culture, skin biopsy |
what some medical, surgical treatments for skin disorders? | drug therapy, corticosteroids:antihistimines, antibiotics:antiseptics: scabicides:pediculocides(lice) antiseborrheic agents (dandruff shampoo)keratolytics for warts. |
what are some medical/surgical treatments? | wet ddressings, cooling soothing effects, sterile procedure for broken skin |
accutane | medicine for acne |
rosacea | incurable, manageable disease, skin takes on rosy appearance, caused by lack of dermis support.Nose, forhead, cheeks, chin. Papules, pustules. |
2 types of dermatitis | allergic dermatitis: sensative to one or more substances like dyes or plants
irritant dermatitis: poison ivy, poison oak, sumac, acids and alkalies |
treatment for dermatitis | remove offending substance, flush with cool water, calamine lotion, and anti-itch lotions |
what are triggers for rosacea? | hot beverages, spicy foods, environment |
what are treatments for rosacea? | antibiotics to decrease inflammation, topical anti-inflammatory, laser for thick skin removal. |
what is a furuncle? | caused by skin infections with organisms harmless on the skin. Integrity of skin compromised, germs inter skin. |
what is furunculosis? | multiple furuncles |
where do furuncles appear? | anywhere but usually around neck, axillary, groin |
what are appearance of furuncles? | raised painful pustule surrounded by erythmia.hard to touch. |
what are treatments for furuncles (boils)? | hot wet soaks, antibiotics, incision and drainage, |
what is psoriasis? | chronic non-infections red patches with silver scales, triggered by emotional distress, seasonal changes, infection and hormonal changes. Cells proliferate fast, old cannot keep up. Keratinocytes. |
what is treatment for psoriasis? | corticosteroids, photo chemotherapy, vitamin D, retinoids |
where is psoriasis found? | elbow, knees, trunk, scalp |
What are the various "tineas"? | tinea pedis-foot, tinea capitas-head, tinea corpus-body, tinea cruris-jock itch (groin) |
what are scabies? | itch mite, caused by skin-to-skin contact |
what's the diagnostic tests for scabies? | visual inspection, ink or mineral oil test |
what is treatment for scabies? | scabicides applied neck down 8-12 hours, then washed off. Wash lenins, clothes, |