Question | Answer |
Substances going into a chemical reaction... | Reactants |
Substances produced by a chemical reaction... | Products |
Eukarotyic cells have a membrane-bound ___ and organelles... | Nucleus |
Compartmentalize eukaroytic cells... | Organelles |
Energy organelle NOT found in prokaryotic cells, though they DO contain something that most likely was a predecessor... | Mitochondria |
May contain pigments, toxins, or sugars that are necessary to store within plant cells... | Vacuoles |
Allows us to see cells and inner complexity, but not much further than that... | Light microscope |
Allows us to view things as small as a virus... | Electron microscope |
The plasma membrane is described as being a ___... | Fluid mosaic |
Contains pores that allow substances to pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm... | Nuclear envelope |
Composed of DNA, protein and some RNA molecules... | Chromatin |
Formed by the interior membrane of the mitochondria... | Cristae |
Produce the ribosomal subunits... | Nucleolus |
Leaves the nucleus to attach itself to a ribosome and begins synthesis of polypeptide chains... | mRNA |
Composes the ribosomal subunits... | rRNA |
Carries amino acids to ribosomes for polypeptide synthesis... | tRNA |
Consists of a stack of slightly curved, flattened saccules resembling pancakes... | Golgi apparatus |
Sorts proteins and packages them for their final destination... | Golgi apparatus |
Synthesize and store carbohydrates using solar energy... | Chloroplasts |
Animal cell organelle which contains it's own ribosomes and DNA... | Mitochondria |
Overcame the limit of light and allows us to see the surface features and fine details of cells... | Electron microscope |
Fundamental units of all living things... | Cells |
Because of the ___, small cells are far more efficient than large cells | surface area-to-volume |
Increases the surface area available for absorption for such cells as those within your intestines... | Microvilli |
Regulates movement of materials into and out of the cells... | Plasma membrane |
Organisms from the domains archaea and bacteria are __ cells... | Prokaryotic |
Discusses that all organisms are composed of cells and that all cells come from preexisting cells... | Cell theory |
Produced by the golgi apparatus and contain enzymes that carry out intracellular digestion... | Lysosomes |
Prokaryotic cells genetic material can be found in an area of the cell known as the ... | Nucleoid |
Some plants have a secondary cell wall containing ___ and cellulose which gives them added rigidity... | Lignin |
Small, membrane-lined channels that span the cell wall and contain strands of cytoplasm which allow materials to pass from one cell to another... | Plasmodesmata |
Contains proteins and polysaccharides produced by the cell that helps support cells and aids in communication between cells... | Extracellular matrix |
Structure that provides support and shapes the plant cell... | Cell wall |
Elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells... | Conjugation pilus |
Gel-like coating outside the cell wall... | Capsule |
Synthesizes lipids... | Smooth ER |
Hair-like bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces... | Fimbriae |
Location of the bacterial chromosome... | Nucleoid |
Rotating filament that helps to propel the cell... | Flagella |
Barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates entrance and exit of molecules... | Plasma membrane |
Site of protein synthesis... | Ribosome |
Serves as a transport station within the cell... | Golgi apparatus |
Has ribosomes attached to it which allow it to produce polypeptides that are modified and packaged for transport... | Rough ER |
Site of cellular respiration... | Mitochondria |
During photosynthesis, ___ is reduced and water is oxidized... | Carbon dioxide |
Photosystem II and I, ATP production and the electron transport chain are all associated with the... | Thylakoid membrane |
___ is regenerated by the light reactions (specifically) and the calvin cycle (small amounts) | Oxygen |
In ___ plants, carbon dioxide fixation occurs by joining CO2 to a three-carbon molecule and pumping it into bundle sheath cells | C4 |
Carbon dioxide fixation occurs when CO2 combines with... | RuBP |
Enzyme that produces ATP from ADP and phosphate in the thylakoid... | ATP synthase |
ATP, NADPH and oxygen are all products of the ___... | Light reactions |
Type of photosynthesis prevalent in plants in dry, arid environments... | CAM |
Where is the H+ concentration higher, creating a concentration gradient, during photosynthesis? | Thylakoid space |
Photosynthesis occurs best at wavelengths that are within the ___... | Visible spectrum |
Energy for the Calvin cycle is supplied by ___ from the light reactions | ATP and NADPH |
ATP is produced when hydrogen ions move ___ from thylakoid membrane to the stoma... | Down a concentration gradient |
When electrons in the reaction center of PS I are passed to an energy acceptor molecule, they are replaced by electrons that have been given up by ___ | Water |
Carbon dioxide and water are the raw materials of ___ | Photosynthesis |
In the term photosynthesis, "photo" refers to the ___... | Light reactions |
In the term photosynthesis, "Synthesis" refers to the ___... | Calvin cycle |
Light reactions take place in the ___... | Thylakoid membrane |
The Calvin cycle reactions occur in the ___... | Stroma |
Fluid filled area where carbon dioxide is processed to form carbohydrates such as glucose... | Stroma |
Solar energy is described in terms of it's ___ and it's energy... | Wavelength |
Photosynthetic-like process by which some bacteria can produce their own organic nutrients by oxidizing inorganic compounds... | Chemosynthesis |
Shortest wavelength in the visible spectrum... | Violet |
Longest wavelength in the visible spectrum... | Red |
Occurs when a molecule gains hydrogen atoms... | Reduction |
Occurs when a molecule loses hydrogen atoms... | Oxidation |
Green plants appear green because they ___ sunlight at that wavelength... | Reflect |
Series of carriers, in photosynthesis, that pass electrons from one to another, releasing energy stored in the form of H+... | Electron transport chain |
Most common sugar which is synthesized by plants from G3P... | Glucose |
First step of the Calvin cycle ___... | Carbon dioxide fixation |
Product of Calvin cycle which is used to form glucose and a variety of other carbohydrates... | G3P |
Plants which thrive in environments where temperature and rainfall tend to be moderate... | C3 |
Reside in membranes of thylakoids and all of them are used to absorb solar energy... | Pigments |
Stored form of energy used by most organisms... | Carbohydrates |
Turned into chemical energy during photosynthesis... | Solar energy |
Takes place in the thylakoid membrane... | Light reactions |
Process which takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast... | Calvin cycle |
Water for photosynthesis is obtained through the ___ of plants... | Roots |
CO2 enters from the atmosphere through the... | Stomata |
Third step of the Calvin cycle... | Regeneration of RuBP |
ATP and NADH are produced during the... | Energy-harvesting steps of glycolysis |
During cellular respiration, ___ is oxidized and oxygen is reduced... | Glucose |
Glycolysis makes a net amount of __ ATP... | Two |
During the energy-investment step of glycolysis, ___ is consumed... | ATP |
The formation of ___ is important because pyruvate cannot enter the citric acid cycle... | Acetyl-CoA |
The citric acid cycle results in the release of ___.... | Carbon dioxide |
The prep reaction and the citric acid cycle occur in the matrix of the ____.... | Mitochondria |
The strongest and final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain... | Oxygen |
The ___ of the electron transport chain undergo both oxidation and reduction as they pass electrons from one to the other... | Carriers |
___ are one organic molecule that cannot enter the cellular respiration pathways... | Nucleic acid |
___ during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle accounts for 4 ATP. | Substrate-level ATP synthesis |
Anaerobic breakdown of glucose... | Fermentation |
Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside the mitochondria... | Glycolysis |
Provide the energy needed for your muscles to contract... | ATP molecules |
Process that requires the participation of the mitochondria and the presence of oxygen... | Cellular respiration |
During the ___, NADH and FADH2 result and more CO2 is released from the cell... | Citric acid cycle |
During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into ___... | Pyruvate |
If oxygen is not available for glycolysis, pyruvate is reduced to ___... | Lactate |
Nonprotein helpers, like ___, assist in carrying out oxidation during cellular respiration... | NAD and FAD |
Only the carbon-hydrogen ___ of amino acids can be used by the cellular respiration pathways.... | Backbone |
The ___ is a series of carriers in the cristae of the mitochondria that release energy as they pass H+ from one to the next | Electron transport chain |
Area located between the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria which is used to create a H+ gradient... | Intermembrane space |
Produces a substrate that can enter the citric acid cycle... | Preparatory reaction |
The final acceptor for hydrogen atoms during fermentation... | Pyruvic acid |
The metabolic process that produces the most ATP molecules... | Electron transport chain |
The greatest contributor of electrons to the electron transport chain... | Citric acid cycle |
Growing or metabolizing in the absence of oxygen... | Anaerobic |
In human beings, __ is necessary for growth and repair of tissues and the maintenance of chromosome number in all body cells... | Mitosis |
Plants cannot use a cleavage furrow to undergo cytokinesis because they have a(n) ... | Cell wall |
Cytokinesis becomes evident in both ___ and telophase as the cell begins to "furrow" | Anaphase |
Checkpoint for the completion of DNA synthesis... | G2 |
Nuclear division... | Mitosis |
Cytoplasmic division.... | Cytokinesis |
The cell doubles it's organelles and accumulates materials that will be used for DNA replication during the ___ phase of interphase... | G1 |
The spindle begins to assemble during ___.... | Prophase |
Programmed cell death... | Apoptosis |
Duplicated chromosomes are composed of identical ___... | Chromatids |
Sister chromatids separate during... | Anaphase |
Package which allows DNA to be distributed to the daughter cells... | Chromosomes |
Cells which result after initial cell has divided... | Daughter cells |
Constricted region of a chromosome that holds the identical halves together... | Centrosome |
DNA and associated proteins that have the appearance of thin threads... | Chromatin |
During G1, ___ occurs as organelles double within the cell | Growth |
During this subdivision of interphase, DNA replication occurs as chromosomes duplicate | S phase |
Humans have a total of ___ chromosomes... | Forty-six |
Most of the cell cycle is spend in ___ | Interphase |
Protein molecules around which DNA is coiled... | Histones |
Type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells as a form of organism reproduction... | Binary fission |
Spindle fibers attached to chromosomes disassemble and each pole receives a set of daughter chromosomes... | Anaphase |
During mitosis, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and are now called... | Daughter chromosomes |
Chromosomes are condensing and the spindle begins to assemble outside of the nucleus... | Prophase |
Orderly sequence of stages that takes place between the time a new cell has arisen from the division of the parent cell to the point when it has given rise to two daughter cells... | Cell cycle |
A human cell contains ___ pair(s) of sex chromosomes... | One |
When homologous pairs line up together, each homologue faces the ___ spindle pole... | Opposite |
An individual with triple X syndrome (47, XXX) has __ barr bodies... | Two |
The separation of sister chromatids of a dyad in anaphase II results in ___ | Daughter chromosomes |
Serves to reduce the chromosome number and create genetic diversity... | Meiosis |
Protein complex that holds sister chromatids together in the form of a chromosome... | Centrosome |
Allows us to visualize all of a person's chromosomes; sometimes enabling diagnosis of certain chromosomal defects... | Karyotype |
Union of egg and sperm... | Fertilization |
Cell resulting from fertilization... | Zygote |
Gap between the first and second meiotic division during which NO DNA replication occurs... | Interkinesis |
Humans have ___ pair(s) of autosomes... | Twenty-two |
Sex cells... | Gametes |
Chromosomes occur in pairs called ___ which carry the same genes in the same locations.... | Homologues |
Production of sperm... | Spermatogenesis |
Production of eggs... | Oogenesis |
Homologous chromosomes of each pair come together and line up side by side in an event called ... | Synapsis |
Likelihood of nondisjunction occurring increases with a mother's ___ | Advanced age |
Region on the Y chromosome which codes for most of the "male" characteristics... | SRY region |
Term, in sexually reproducing organisms, which refers to all the reproductive events that occur from one generation to the next... | Life cycle |
Mitosis ___ the chromosome number while meiosis ___ the number. | Maintains, Decreases |
Occurs only between members of a tetrad and involves the swapping of genes... | Crossing over |
Meiosis is also referred to as ___ | Reduction division |
Before cell division of any kind to occur, the ___ must first condense into chromosomes... | Chromatin |
Different versions of a gene... | Allele |
Have same shape, centromere location and carry the same genes in the same location... | Homologous chromosomes |
Inactive X | Barr body |
Homologues of each tetrad separate and dyads move to poles... | Anaphase I |
Includes only one division and replication of DNA at the end of each cycle... | Mitosis |
Introduces genetic diversity into the offspring of each generation... | Fertilization |
Process by which cell membrane pinches off to form two complete cells... | Cytokinesis |
Result of meiosis I... | 2 haploid cells |
Result of meiosis II... | 4 haploid gametes |
Sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes that move to the poles... | Anaphase II |
Trisomy 21... | Down syndrome |
XO female... | Turner syndrome |
XXY male... | Klinefelter syndrome |
Each gamete contains one factor from each pair of factors in the parent, factors segregate during gamete formation and follow fertilization, the new individual carries two factors for each trait | Law of segregation |
Males produce ___ types of gametes | Two different |
Cystic firbosis is an autosomal recessive disorder in humans. If two unaffected individuals have a child with CF, what is the chance that their second child will have CF? | 25% |
Gregor Mendel grew and tended the ___, which he used for his experiments... | Garden peas |
Used to determine whether a individual with the dominant trait is heterozygous or homozygous... | Testcross |
Controlled by polygenes and are subject to environmental influences... | Multifactorial traits |
When on physical trait is affected by two or more pairs of alleles... | Polygenic inheritance |
Possible types of gametes are lined up across the top and side in order to determine possible genetic outcomes of offspring... | Punnett square |
Human blood type is an example of both codominance and ___.... | Multiple alleles |
Refers to the alleles an individual receives as fertilization... | Genotype |
The outward appearance of a combination of alleles... | Phenotype |
Each pair of factors segregates independently of the other pairs and all possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes... | Law of independent assortment |
Genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome as specific gene ___... | Loci |
Contain information for the production of a specific protein... | Genes |
Father of Genetics... | Gregor Mendel |
Heterozygous for two traits... | Dihybrid |
___ is produced in the anther of the pea plant and contains the sperm... | Pollen |
The ___ in the ovary of a pea plant contains the eggs... | Ovules |
Has the ability to mask the expression of the other allele present... | Dominant |
Often not observed unless in a homozygous pair... | Recessive allele |
Generation of offspring produced by the initial parental generation... | First filial generation |
If the varieties were allowed to self-pollinate, the offspring were like the parent plants and like the other | True-breeding |
When an organism has two identical alleles... | Homozygous |
When an organism has two different alleles... | Heterozygous |
Chance of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of their chances of occurring separately... | Rule of multiplication |
Exhibited when the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between that of either homozygote... | Incomplete dominance |
When more than one dominant is present and when present together both are represented... | Codominance |
Expected phenotypic result of a two-trait cross between to dihybrids... | 9:3:3:1 |
Mendelian phenotypic ratio of two monohybrid parents... | 3:1 |
Study of genomes | Genomics |
Each type of cell contains it's own mix of ___ that makes it different from all other cell types. | Proteins |
All body cell's contain the full set of your genetic cod BUT they differ on what genes are... | Expressed |
Stem cell's have been used since the 1960's as a treatment for ___ | Leukemia |
Control of gene expression has been lost in ... | Cancer cells |
Mutations in the DNA lead to a breakdown of control which may lead to cancer, especially when it affects... | Cell cycle |
X-inactivation is seen in... | Mammalian females |
The ___ it a well-known oncogenic virus which is the primary cause of cervical cancer... | HPV |
Embryonic stem cells are said to be... | Totipotent |
Adult stem cells are said to be... | Multipotent |
Portion of DNA wrapped around a group of histone molecules... | Nucleosome |
Desired end is an individual that is exactly like the original individual... | Reproductive cloning |
Organisms that contain genes from multiple species, are often confused with cloned organisms but are quite different | Transgenic organisms |
Characterized by their ability to insert their DNA into human chromosomes | Viruses |
Darkly stained portions of chromatin that represent tightly, compacted and inactive genetic material | Heterochromatin |
Purpose is to produce specialized tissue cells | Therapeutic cloning |
Relationship in which both organisms participating benefit; like E. Coli in the intestines of humans | Mutualistic |
Occurs because a chemical signal binds to a receptor protein in a target cell's plasma membrane | Cell-signaling |
Cluster of genes along with the DNA sequences that control their transcription | Operon |
All of our cells are defined by their __ and function | Structure |
Codes for a repressor | Regulatory gene |
Enzyme that joins neucleotides complementary to a DNA template, during transcription, thus making a copy of the instructions written in the DNA | RNA Polymerase |
Protein that normally binds to the operator, which lies next to the promoter | Repressor |
Short DNA sequence that RNA polymerase attaches | Promoter |
Process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product; a protein | Gene expression |