Question | Answer |
What limits how large a cell can be?
-the relationship b/twn its volume and length
-the relationship b/twn its length & surface area
-a cell's lifespan
-nutrients available in the environment of a cell
-the relationship b/twn its volume & surface are | The relationship between it volume & surface area. |
The fluid outside of a cell is called
-extracellular fluid.
-cytosol.
-cytoplasm.
-intracellular fluid. | extracellular fluid |
______ are the most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane.
Cholesterol molecules
-Prostaglandins
-Phospholipids
-Proteins
-Glycolipids | Phospholipids |
_____ are membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate.
-Receptors
-Cell-adhesion molecules
-Carriers
-Enzymes
-Cell-identity markers | Receptors |
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. That is to say, the receptor exhibits
-efficacy.
-selectivity.
-fidelity.
-saturation.
-specificity. | specificity |
Most amino acids embedded in the membrane are ________, while most amino acids facing the extracellular fluid are ______.
-hydrophobic; hydrophobic
-hydrophilic; hydrophobic
-lipophilic; lipophobic
-hydrophilic; hydrophilic
-hydrophobic; hydrophilic | hydrophobic; hydrophilic |
Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has:
-dynein arms.
-a glycocalyx.
-microvilli.
-flagella.
-cilia. | microvilli |
2 sols sep'd by selectively permeable membrane. If A higher concentration of a nonperm. solute than B then
-solute will pass down A to B
-neither the solute nor H2O will diffuse
-water will pass down A to B
-H2O will pass down B to A
-the solute will | water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A. |
__ is process in which ___ forces H2O & small solutes such as salts thru narrow clefts b/twn cap cells.
-Active transport; hydrostatic pressure
-Filtration; hydrostatic pressure
-Osmosis; osmotic pressure
-Osmosis; hydrostatic pressure
-Active trans | Filtration; hydrostatic pressure |
The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium ________ their concentration gradients in a process called _____.
-up; cotransport
-up; active transport
-down; active transport
-up; facilitated transport
-down; countertranspo | up; active transport |
A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. The concentration of solutes in the solution is ____ than the concentration of solutes in the ICF & will cause the cell to ____.
-lower; burst
-lower; shrink
-lower; swell
-higher; shrink
-higher; | higher; shrink |
Which of the following processes could occur only through the plasma membrane of a living cell?
-osmosis
-simple diffusion
-filtration
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport | active transport |
White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of
-cotransport.
-pinocytosis.
-active transport.
-receptor-mediated endocytosis.
-phagocytosis. | phagocytosis. |
A patient was severely dehydrated, losing large amount of fluid. Pt was given intravenous fluids of nml saline. Normal saline is ____ to your blood cells and is about ___ NaCl.
-hypertonic; 9%
-hypotonic; 0.9%
-hypotonic; 9%
-isotonic; 9%
-isotonic; | isotonic; 0.9% |
Which of these is an ex. of active transport?
-diffusion of O2 from a high to lower concentration
-facilitated diffusion of K+
-transport of glucose down its gradient
-transport of Na+ from a low to high
-transport of Cl- follows its gradient | transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration |
These are all membranous organelles except:
-endoplasmic reticulum.
-the nucleus.
-ribosomes.
-mitochondria.
-the Golgi complex. | ribosomes |
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
-active transport
-ciliary action
-osmosis
-protein synthesis
-exocytosis | protein synthesis |
Muscle cells contain numerous _____________ to serve their high demand for ATP.
-ribosomes
-lysosomes
-inclusions
-mitochondria
-Golgi vesicles | mitochondria |
This organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells.
-rough endoplasmic reticulum
-mitochondrion
-nucleus
-smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-Golgi complex | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
______ play an important role in cell division, and they are made of __________.
-Inclusions; centrosomes
-Ribosomes; intermediate filaments
-Centrioles; microtubules
-Mitochondria; microtubules
-Nucleoli; microfilaments | Centrioles; microtubules |
________________ synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at ____________.
-Smooth ER; the Golgi complex
-Smooth ER; rough ER
-Ribosomes; smooth ER
-The Golgi complex; smooth ER
-The Golgi complex; rough ER | The Golgi complex; rough ER |
___________ is not involved in protein synthesis.
-Smooth ER
-Ribosomes
-The Golgi complex
-The nucleus
-Rough ER | Smooth ER |
____________ gives structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through the cell.
-The Golgi complex
-The cytoskeleton
-Cholesterol
-The plasma membrane
-The nucleus | The cytoskeleton |
If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G)?
-78%
-28%
-22%
-11%
-8% | 28& |
________________________ is the DNA base sequence complementary to the strand TGCCAT.
-ACGGTA
-ACCGTA
-UGCCAU
-ACGGUA
-TGCCAT | ACGGTA |
A ________________________ contains the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA.
-genetic code
-nucleotide
-gene
-genome
-codon | gene |
Copying genetic info from DNA into RNA called __, using info contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called __.
-DNA translation; RNA transcription
-transcription; translation
-translation; transcription
-DNA repl; translation
-DNA dup; transcript | transcription; translation |
All of the following are directly involved in translation except
tRNA.
mRNA.
rRNA.
DNA.
ribosomes. | DNA |
Transcription occurs in the _________________, but most translation occurs in the _____________.
-nucleolus; cytoplasm
-nucleus; cytoplasm
-nucleolus; rough endoplasmic reticulum
-nucleus; nucleolus
-cytoplasm; nucleus | nucleus; cytoplasm |
After translation, a protein may undergo structural changes called ________________ modifications.
polyribosomal
splicing
posttranscriptional
posttranslational
secretory | posttranslational |
Pathway of a tagged amino acid used to make insulin to be exported out of cell:
-RoughER→Golgi complex→Golgi vesicle→EFC
-SmoothER→Golgi comp→lysosome→EFC
-SER→Golgi comp→Golgi ves→EFC
-free ribosome→cytosol→vesicle→EFC
-RER→SER→Golgi comp→Golgi ves→ | rough ER → Golgi complex → Golgi vesicle → EFC |
DNA polymerase is most active in
G0.
M.
G1.
G2.
S. | S |
G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively called
prophase.
anaphase.
cytokinesis.
telophase.
interphase. | interphase |
The stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell is
anaphase.
metaphase.
prophase.
interphase.
telophase. | metaphase |
Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of a cell during
S phase.
anaphase.
G2 phase.
metaphase.
prophase. | anaphase |
Chromatin shortens and thickens, coiling into compact rods during
anaphase.
telophase.
interphase.
metaphase.
prophase. | prophase |
The allele for cleft chin (C) is dominant to the allele for uncleft chin (c). A male and female who are both heterozygous for cleft chin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have an uncleft chin?
0
100%
50%
75%
25% | 25% |
Accurately identify the parts of the plasma membrane | See diagram |
Correctly identify the following parts of transmembrane proteins. | See diagram |
Classify the following phases into interphase or the mitotic phase of cell division.
-Prophase
-Metaphase
-S
-G2
-Telophase
-Cytokinesis
-G1
-Prophase | Mitotic Phase
-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase
-Cytokinesis
Interphase
-G1
-S
-G2 |
What is the difference between genetic transcription and translation? | Transcription is when we read DNA to make a strand of mRNA. Translation is when we translate from the mRNA and create an Amino Acid Chain. |
Define hypertonic and explain the importantance in clinical practice. | Hypertonic solution has a relatively high solute concentration and causes water to leave the cell. Hypertonic causes a cell crenate (or shrink). |
Define isotonic and explain the importantance in clinical practice. | Isotonic solution has same solute concentration as cells. Clinical importance-decide what type of solution to use when cleaning a wound & whether the sol would cause patient discomfort or complicate healing or type of IV sol to use. Isotonic = balanced. |
Define hypotonic and explain the importantance in clinical practice. | Hypotonic solution has a relatively low solute concentration and causes water to enter the cell. Hypotonic allows more fluid into the cell which can cause it to rupture. |
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except
fibrous.
muscular.
nervous.
connective.
epithelial. | fibrous |
The clear gel inside a cell is called
tissue fluid.
matrix.
ground substance.
interstitial fluid.
cytosol. | cytosol |
_______________ lines body cavities, covers the body surface, and forms the lining of many organs.
Adipose tissue
Interstitial tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue | Epithelial tissue |
An epithelium with all cells tall and narrow and with every cell touching the basement membrane is called ________________
stratified squamous.
simple cuboidal.
simple columnar.
stratified cuboidal.
pseudostratified columnar. | simple columnar |
The basement membrane is found between
-epithelium and extracellular material.
-epithelium and intracellular material.
-interstitial fluid and extracellular fluid.
-epithelium and connective tissue.
-extracellular material and intracellular material | epithelium and connective tissue |
______________ epithelium allows for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs.
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous-keratinized
Stratified squamous-nonkeratini | Simple squamous |
_____________ cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia produce protective mucous coatings over the mucous membranes.
Goblet
Basal
Basement membrane
Simple
Keratinized | Goblet |
A brush border of microvilli belongs to _______________ epithelium found in the ______________.
stratified squamous; anal canal
pseudostratified; nasal cavity
stratified squamous; esophagus
-simple columnar; small intestine
-simple cuboidal; esoph | simple columnar; small intestine |
__ epithelium in bladder resembles ___ epithelium, but apical cells are rounded, not flattened.
-Stratified squamous; strat columnar
-Strat squamous; pseudostrat
-Transitional; strat squamous
-Simple columnar; pseudostrat
-Transitional; simple cuboid | Transitional; stratified squamous |
__ epithelium is assoc. w/rapid transport of substances thru membrane, whereas __ epithelium is assoc. w/resist. to abrasion
-Pseudostrat; simple cubodial
-Simple cubod; pseudostrat
-Simple col; trans.
-Pseudostrat; simple squam
-Simple squam; strat | Simple squamous; stratified squamous |
The shape of a person's external ear is given by
dense regular connective tissue.
ligaments.
dense irregular connective tissue.
fibrocartilage.
elastic cartilage. | elastic cartilage |
New triglycerides are constantly synthesized and stored and others are hydrolyzed and released into circulation mostly from cells in
adipose tissue.
transitional tissue.
fibrous connective tissue.
blood.
reticular tissue. | adipose tissue |
_ tissues respond quick to outside stimuli by changes in membrane potential, thus they are called _ tissues.
-Adipose & areolar; complex
-Epithelial & connect.; irritable
-Nerv. & connect.; excitable
-Musc. & nerv.; excitable
-Connect. & musc.; respo | Muscular and nervous; excitable |
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and
chondrocytes.
myocytes.
neuroglia.
fibroblasts.
osteocytes. | neuroglia |
Skeletal muscle is described as
nonstriated and involuntary.
striated and voluntary.
striated and involuntary.
fibrous and contracting.
nonstriated and voluntary. | striated and voluntary |
__________________ secrete __________________ into __________________.
Exocrine glands; hormones; ducts
Goblet cells; mucus; the blood
Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood
Endocrine glands; hormones; ducts
Exocrine glands; mucus; the blo | Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood |
The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called
gangrene.
apoptosis.
necrosis.
fibrosis.
regeneration. | fibrosis |
Correctly label the following areas on a slide of simple squamous epithelium. | See diagram. |
Correctly label the following areas on a slide of simple columnar epithelium. | See diagram. |
Correctly identify the following types of membrane proteins. | See diagram. |
Know bilayer diagram | |
Know cell diagram. | |