Question | Answer |
Pathogen | Pathogen can be in or out of the body. Pathogen is a disease producing microorganism. |
Factors required for infection to spread | 1. The number of organism
2. The virulence of the organism (strength)
3. The weaken immmune system
4. The links and closeness of contact |
Ways body resist infection | 1. Intact skin and mucous membrane
2. Normal PH levels of gastric secretion
3. White Blood Cells within normal range
4. Good general health
5. Immunization
6. Stress at a healthy level
7. Other factors (age, race, hederity) |
Imflammatory Response | 1. Anti inflammatory response
2. Redness and warmth
3. Wall off- A barrier to prevent the spread
4. Bacteria is killed off and pus is produced
5. It is removed and the healing begin
(Fibrous Tissue is the formation of the scar) |
Systemic response to inflammation | 1. Fever
2. White Blood Cells
3. Maillase (genral discomfort)
4. Drowsiness and sluggish |
Cardinal response (local inflammation) | 1. Swelling
2. Warmth
3. Pain
4. Redness
5. Decrease function in the affected area |
Reason for cold application | 1. Control bleeding
2. Prevent swelling
3. Cools the body
4. Relieves superficial pain
5. Muscle spasm |
Reason for hot application | 1. Inflammation
2. Contracture
3. Joint stiffness
4. Muscle spasm
5. Pain
6. Rewarm the body part
7. Hasten healing |
3 Categories of surgery | 1. Degree of urgency
2. Degree of risk
3. Based on purpose |
Degree of Urgency | 1. Emergency- Patient require immediate surgery within the hour (save organs)
2. Urgent- It has to be done within a day (appendix)
3. Required/Elective- should have surgery but in no hurry (back problem, hernia)
4. Optional- Cosmetic surgery, your choi |
Degree of Risk | Major or minor |
Based on Purpose | 1. Diagnostic-Confirm/determine diagnosis
2. Ablative-Take out diseased part
3. Reconstructive-help restore function
4. Transplantation-Take out old organ and put in new
5. Constructive-construct function that wasnt there
6. Palliative-help with sym |
Types of Anesthesia | 1. General- IV or inhalation
2. Regional- Injected near a nerve or nerve pathway
3. Topical- Used on open skin surface, wounds and its spray on because if injected then its regional |
Moderate Sedation | Conscious sedation- patient can respond verbally but amnesia can happen and they maintain their airways |
Goals in Pre-Op Teaching | 1. Promote lung ventilation and blood oxygenation
2. Promote deliberate body movement post-op to improve circulation
3. To assess and manage pain
4. Promote a sense of well-being |
Preparing the Patient Physically | 1. Hygiene and skin prep
2. Elimination
3. Possible urinary catherization
4. Nutrition and fluid
5. Rest and sleep |
Goals of Post-Op Care | 1. Maintain function
2. Promote recovery and healing
3. Facilitate coping with alterations and structure or function |
Hypovolemic Vs. Hypervolemia | Hypovolemic- Too little fluid
Hypervolemia- Too much fluid |
Members of the Surgical Team | 1. Patient
2. Circulating Nurse
3. Scrub Nurse
4. Surgeon
5. Anesthesiologist (captain of patient care)
6. Register Nurse First Assistant
7. Advanced Practice Nurse |
Levels of prevention | 1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary |
Primary Prevention | Is concerned with health promotion and specific protection against the disease- Activities that are designed to prevent or slow the onset of disease |
Secondary Prevention | Focuses on early detection and prompt intervention to halt the progression- Screening activities and education for detection of early stages of illness |
Tertiary Prevention | Concerned with prevention of disease progression or re occurrence and rehab for no further complications |
12 Leading Health Indicators | Were selected on the basis on their ability to promote action, the ability of data to measure progress, and their importance as public health issues |
What is stress? | A condition in which the human system respond in a normal state |
Sympathetic Vs. Parasympathetic | Sympathetic- Increase heart rate
Para sympathetic- Slows heart rate |
Four Levels of Anxiety | 1. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
4. Panic |
Functions of Water | 1. Transporting nutrient to cells and waste from cells
2. Transport hormones, blood
3. Facilitate cellular metabolism
4. Acts as a solvent
5. Help maintain body temperature
6. Facilitate digestion
7. Tissue lubricant |
Extracellular Fluid | 1. Intravascular- in the vascular space (blood vessels)
2. Interstitial- outside the cell (between the cells)
3. Transcellular- Joint space (the fluid in spine and brain) |
Major Cations in Body | 1. Sodium
2. Potassium
3. Calcium
4. Hydrogen
5. Magnesium |
Major Anions in Body | 1. Chloride
2. Bicarbonate
3. Phosphate |
Different Kind of Solution | 1. Isotonic- the same concentration
2. Hypertonic- greater concentration
3. Hypotonic- lesser concentration |