Question | Answer |
What is the prototype drug for Aminoglucosides | gentamicin |
Is gentamicin bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? | Bacteriocidal |
How do aminoglucosides work? | they inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible gram negative bacteria and disrupt the integrity of the cell membrane |
What are aminoglucosides used for? | serious infections when penicillin is contraindicated |
Are aminoglucosides broad or narrow spectrum antibiotics? | Broad |
What are the other drugs in the aminoglucoside category besides gentamicin? | amikacin
kanamycin
neomycin
streptomycin
tobramycin |
What are the contraindications for aminoglucosides? | -Allergy
-Renal/hepatic disease
-Pre-existing hearing loss
-Active Herpes/Mycobacterial
-Myasthenia gravis
-Parkinsons
-Pregnancy and Lactation |
What are the drug-drug interactions with aminoglucosides? | -Diuretics
-Neuromuscular blockers
-IV Acyclovir |
What are the adverse effects of aminoglycosides? | n/v/d
OTOTOXICITY
NEPHROtoxicity
HEPATIC toxicity
CNS: confusion, depression, disorientation
Superinfection
Heart palpitations
Hyper- and hypo- tension |
What should you test for frequently when using aminoglycosides? Why? | Urine function. Depend on kidney for excretion and are toxic to the kidney |
Are Carbapenems broad or narrow spectrum? Gram neg or pos? | Broad.
Both gram neg and pos |
What is the prototype drug for Carbapenems? | Ertapenem |
Is Ertapenem ok for children? | NO, not recommended for patients under 18 |
Are Carbapenems bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? | Bacteriocidal |
How do carbapenems work? | Inhibit cell membrane synthesis, leads to cell death |
What are carbapenems used for? | SERIOUS INFECTIONS
-Intra-abdominal infections
-Connective tissue infections
-Community acquired pneumonia
-GU infections
-Bone and joint infections
-UTI |
What are the other carbapenem drugs besides ertapenem? | Doripenem
Imipenem-cilastin |
What are the major contraindications for carbapenems? | -Allergy to carbapenem or beta-lactums
-Seizure disorders
-Meningitis
-Preg and Lact
-Under 18 |
What are the major drug-drug interactions with carbapenems? | Valproic Acid
Ganciclover capsules |
What are the major adverse effects of carbapenems? | n/v/d
NEPHROtoxicity
dizziness
headache
pseudomembranous colitis
rash
pain at injection site
superinfection |
What should you test for frequently when using carbapenems? Why? | Urine function bc depend on kidney for excretion and are toxic to the kidney. |
Which drugs are similar to penicillins in structure and activity? | Cephalosporins |
Are cephalosporins broad or narrow spectrum? Are they gram pos or neg? | Broad. Both |
What is the prototype drug for cephalosporins? | Cefaclor |
Are cephalosporins bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? How do they work? | Both. They interfere with cell wall synthesis causing lysis. |
What are the major drug-drug interactions with cephalosporins? | Aminoglycosides
Oral Anticoagulants
Alcohol |
What are cephalosporins used for? | Respiratory tract infections
UTI
Skin infection
Otitis media
Typhoid
Anthrax exposure |
What are the major contraindications for cephalosporins? | Allergy
Hepatic/renal impairment
Preg & Lact |
What are the major adverse effects of cephalosporins? | n/v/d
pseudomembranous colitis
Anorexia
Abdominal pain
NEPHROtox
Hepatic dysfunction
Headache
Dizziness
Lethargy
Parasthesias |
What do all the cephalosporin drugs have in common in their name? | Cef or Ceph |
What is the prototype drug for the floroquinolones? | ciprofloxacin (Cipro) |
Are the floroquinolones broad or narrow spectrum? Are they gram neg or gram pos? How do they work? | Broad.
Gram negative.
Interfere w/DNA enzymes |
What are floroquinolones used for? | Respiratory infections
UTI
Dermatological infections
Ear infection
Eye infection
Bone/joint infections
Prophylactically for:
Anthrax
Typhoid |
What are the major contraindications for fluroquinolones? | Allergy
Preg and Lact.
Renal and Hepatic dysfunction
Seizure disorders
Under 18 |
What are the major adverse effects of fluroquinolones? | n/v/d
headache
dizziness
hypotension
Fever
Rash
Photosensitivity
BM suppression |
What are the drug-drug interactions with fluroquinolones? | Quinadine (cardiac arrest)
Antacids
NSAIDs
Theophylline (reduce dosage)
*QANT* |
What is the prototype drug for the penicillins? | Amoxicillin |
Are Penicillin class drugs bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? broad or narrow spectrum? How do they work? | Bacteriocidal.
Broad.
Interfere with cell wall synthesis, high SELECTIVE TOX |
What are penicillin drugs used for? | UTI
Pneumonia
Stretococcal infections
Syphillis
Helicobacter infection
Rat-bite fever
Anthrax exposure |
What are the major contraindications for Penicillins? | Allergy to penicillin or cephalosporins
renal dysfunction
Preg. and Lact. |
What are the drug-drug interactions with penicillins? | tetracyclines
IV aminoglucosides |
What are the major side effects of penicillins? | abdominal pain
sore mouth
furry tongue
n/v/d
rash
fever
superinfection |
What is the prototype drug for sulfonomides? | cotrimoxazole |
What are three other drugs in the sulfonomide class besides cotrimoxazole? | sulfadiazine
sulfasalazine
sulfisoxacole |
Are sulfonomides used for gram pos or neg? How do they work? | Both.
Block folic acid synthesis and nucleic acid production
interfere with cell wall production |
What are sulfonomides used for most commonly? | *UTI
STD
Traveler's diarrhea
Otitis media
Trachoma |
What are the adverse effects of sulfonomides? | n/v/d
NEPHROtox
HEPATA tox
CNS effects
Steven Johnson Syndrome
Rash
Photophobia
Hematuria
Fever/chills |
What are the drug-drug interactions with sulfonamides? | Thiazide diuretics
Cyclosporin
Sulfonylureas (antidiabetic drugs, can cause hypoglycemia) |
What is the prototype drug for tetracyclines? | Tetracycline |
What are three other tetracyclines besides the prototype? | demeclocycline
doxycycline
minocycline |
Are teteracyclines broad or narrow spectrum? How do they work? | Broad.
Inhibit protein synthesis
Affects same protein in humans so can be toxic |
What is the most common use for tetracyclines? | Acne
various infections when penicillin is contraindicated |
What are the major contraindications for tetracyclines? | Allergy
Preg. and Lact
Children under 8 years
Fungal, mycobacterial or viral occular infections
hepatic/renal dysfunction |
Major adverse effects of tetracyclines? | N/V/D
BM Suppresion
Photosensitivity
Glossitis
Discolor and inadequate calcification of primary teeth
Superinfections |
What are the majore drug-drug interactions with tetracyclines? | Digoxin
Oral Contraceptives
Methoxyflurane
Penicillin G
*DOMP* |
What is the prototype drug for the antimycobacterials (anti-TB)? Leprostatic? | Isoniazid
Dapsone |
What are antimycobacterial drugs used for? | Treatment of TB
prophylactic treatment of household members of someone recently diagnosed with TB |
What are the eight other antimycobacterial drugs besides isoniazid? | capreomycin
cycloserine
ethambutol
ethionamide
pyrazinamide
rifampin
rifapentine
streptomycin |
How do antimycobacterial drugs work? | interfere with lipid and nucleic acid synthesis |
What are the major contraindications for antimycobacterial drugs? | Allergy
Hepatic/renal dysfunction
Pregnancy
CNS dysfunction |
What are the drug-drug interactions for antimycobacterial drugs? | Isoniazid taken with rifampin may cause LIVER toxicity
Oral Contraceptives |
What is Dapsone used for most commonly? | Leprosy
Brown recluse spider bites |
What are the major adverse effects of antimycobacterial drugs? | n/v/d
CNS: hallucinations
Peripheral neuropathy
Hepatitis
BM suppression
Fever
Local irritation at injection site
Gynecomastia
Lupus syndrome
Orange tint to bodily secretions |
What is the most common side effect with rifampin, rifabutin and rifapentine? | Orange tint in bodily secretions |
What is the prototype drug for Ketolides? | telithromycin |
Are ketolides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? how do they work? | bacteriocidal
Bind to bacterial ribosome, alters protein function |
What are ketolides used for? | Only FDA approved drug for community-acquired pneumonia |
What are the contraindications for ketolides? | Allergy
Allergy to MACROLIDES
renal/hepatic impairment |
What are the adverse effects of ketolides? | n/v/d
psuedomembranous colitis
BM suppression
CNS effects
hypotension
cardiac arrest
rash
pain/abscess at injection site |
What is the prototype drug for macrolides? | erythromycin |
What are three other macrolides besides erythromycin? | azithromycin
clarithromycin
dirithromycin |
are macrolides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? How do they work? | Both
Bind to cell membrane, causing change in protein function and cell death |
What are macrolides used for? | Allergy to penicillin
dermatological infections
eye infections
URI
Legionaire's Disease
Syphillis
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Chlamidia
GI infections
UTIs
prophalyxis for endocarditis/valve heart problems before dental work |
What are the contrindications for macrolides? | Allergy
Hepatic dysfunction
occular contraind if viral, fungal or mycobacterial infect. of eye
Renal disease
Preg & lact. |
What are the drug-drug interactions with macrolides? | Cycloserine (causes renal tox)
Increased effects:
Digoxin
Oral Anticoagulants
Theophyllines
Carbamezapine
Corticosteroids |
What are the adverse effects of macrolides? | n/v/d
abdominal cramping
pseudomembranous colitis
Neurological/psychological effects
rash
superinfection
liver toxicity
hearing loss |
What is the prototype drug for the monobactam antibiotics? | aztreonam |
are monobactam antibiotics gram pos or gram neg? how does it work? | Gram neg. enterobacteria.
Interferes with cell wall synthesis, causing cell death |
Can maonobactam antibiotics be taken by mouth? | No, parenteral only |
What are the contraindications for monobactam antibiotics? | Allergy
Allergy to penicillin or cephalosporin
Renal/hepatic dysfunction
preg & lact. |
What are the drug-drug interactions for monobactam antibiotics? | Incompatible in solution with:
Nafcillin
Cephradine
Metronidazole |
What are the adverse effects of monobactam antibiotics? | n/v/d
Rash
hypersensitivity
pain at injection site
rash
superinfection
liver toxicity |
What are monobactam antibiotics used for? | UTI
Dermatological infections
Gynocological infections
Lower respiratory infections
Intra-abdominal infections |
Which antibiotics interfere with cell wall synthesis? | cephalosporins (cefaclor)
Penicillins (amoxicillin)
sulfonamides (cotrimoxazole)
Monobactam (aztreonam) |
Which antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis? | aminoglycosides (gentamycin)
tetracyclines (tetracycline)
lincosamides (clindamycin) |
Which antibiotics interfere with or change protein function? | Ketolides (telithromycin)
macrolides (erythromycin) |
macrolides work by... | interfering with protein synthesis |
What does the mnemonic STRIPE stand for? | Anti-TB drugs
streptomycin
rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol |
what are the most common side effects of cephalosporins? | GI effects: n/v/d, abdominal pain, flatulence
dermatological effects: rash, itching |
What are two examples of penicillinase resistant penicillins? | oxacillin and nafcillin |
What are the two most common macrolides? | erythromycin and zithromax (Z-pac, good because short dosing time, well compliant) |
What are the most common side effects of macrolides? | GI effects & hepatoxicity |