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Antibiotics 310
Nursing Pharmacology Antibiotics
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is the prototype drug for Aminoglucosides | gentamicin |
Is gentamicin bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? | Bacteriocidal |
How do aminoglucosides work? | they inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible gram negative bacteria and disrupt the integrity of the cell membrane |
What are aminoglucosides used for? | serious infections when penicillin is contraindicated |
Are aminoglucosides broad or narrow spectrum antibiotics? | Broad |
What are the other drugs in the aminoglucoside category besides gentamicin? | amikacin kanamycin neomycin streptomycin tobramycin |
What are the contraindications for aminoglucosides? | -Allergy -Renal/hepatic disease -Pre-existing hearing loss -Active Herpes/Mycobacterial -Myasthenia gravis -Parkinsons -Pregnancy and Lactation |
What are the drug-drug interactions with aminoglucosides? | -Diuretics -Neuromuscular blockers -IV Acyclovir |
What are the adverse effects of aminoglycosides? | n/v/d OTOTOXICITY NEPHROtoxicity HEPATIC toxicity CNS: confusion, depression, disorientation Superinfection Heart palpitations Hyper- and hypo- tension |
What should you test for frequently when using aminoglycosides? Why? | Urine function. Depend on kidney for excretion and are toxic to the kidney |
Are Carbapenems broad or narrow spectrum? Gram neg or pos? | Broad. Both gram neg and pos |
What is the prototype drug for Carbapenems? | Ertapenem |
Is Ertapenem ok for children? | NO, not recommended for patients under 18 |
Are Carbapenems bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? | Bacteriocidal |
How do carbapenems work? | Inhibit cell membrane synthesis, leads to cell death |
What are carbapenems used for? | SERIOUS INFECTIONS -Intra-abdominal infections -Connective tissue infections -Community acquired pneumonia -GU infections -Bone and joint infections -UTI |
What are the other carbapenem drugs besides ertapenem? | Doripenem Imipenem-cilastin |
What are the major contraindications for carbapenems? | -Allergy to carbapenem or beta-lactums -Seizure disorders -Meningitis -Preg and Lact -Under 18 |
What are the major drug-drug interactions with carbapenems? | Valproic Acid Ganciclover capsules |
What are the major adverse effects of carbapenems? | n/v/d NEPHROtoxicity dizziness headache pseudomembranous colitis rash pain at injection site superinfection |
What should you test for frequently when using carbapenems? Why? | Urine function bc depend on kidney for excretion and are toxic to the kidney. |
Which drugs are similar to penicillins in structure and activity? | Cephalosporins |
Are cephalosporins broad or narrow spectrum? Are they gram pos or neg? | Broad. Both |
What is the prototype drug for cephalosporins? | Cefaclor |
Are cephalosporins bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? How do they work? | Both. They interfere with cell wall synthesis causing lysis. |
What are the major drug-drug interactions with cephalosporins? | Aminoglycosides Oral Anticoagulants Alcohol |
What are cephalosporins used for? | Respiratory tract infections UTI Skin infection Otitis media Typhoid Anthrax exposure |
What are the major contraindications for cephalosporins? | Allergy Hepatic/renal impairment Preg & Lact |
What are the major adverse effects of cephalosporins? | n/v/d pseudomembranous colitis Anorexia Abdominal pain NEPHROtox Hepatic dysfunction Headache Dizziness Lethargy Parasthesias |
What do all the cephalosporin drugs have in common in their name? | Cef or Ceph |
What is the prototype drug for the floroquinolones? | ciprofloxacin (Cipro) |
Are the floroquinolones broad or narrow spectrum? Are they gram neg or gram pos? How do they work? | Broad. Gram negative. Interfere w/DNA enzymes |
What are floroquinolones used for? | Respiratory infections UTI Dermatological infections Ear infection Eye infection Bone/joint infections Prophylactically for: Anthrax Typhoid |
What are the major contraindications for fluroquinolones? | Allergy Preg and Lact. Renal and Hepatic dysfunction Seizure disorders Under 18 |
What are the major adverse effects of fluroquinolones? | n/v/d headache dizziness hypotension Fever Rash Photosensitivity BM suppression |
What are the drug-drug interactions with fluroquinolones? | Quinadine (cardiac arrest) Antacids NSAIDs Theophylline (reduce dosage) *QANT* |
What is the prototype drug for the penicillins? | Amoxicillin |
Are Penicillin class drugs bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? broad or narrow spectrum? How do they work? | Bacteriocidal. Broad. Interfere with cell wall synthesis, high SELECTIVE TOX |
What are penicillin drugs used for? | UTI Pneumonia Stretococcal infections Syphillis Helicobacter infection Rat-bite fever Anthrax exposure |
What are the major contraindications for Penicillins? | Allergy to penicillin or cephalosporins renal dysfunction Preg. and Lact. |
What are the drug-drug interactions with penicillins? | tetracyclines IV aminoglucosides |
What are the major side effects of penicillins? | abdominal pain sore mouth furry tongue n/v/d rash fever superinfection |
What is the prototype drug for sulfonomides? | cotrimoxazole |
What are three other drugs in the sulfonomide class besides cotrimoxazole? | sulfadiazine sulfasalazine sulfisoxacole |
Are sulfonomides used for gram pos or neg? How do they work? | Both. Block folic acid synthesis and nucleic acid production interfere with cell wall production |
What are sulfonomides used for most commonly? | *UTI STD Traveler's diarrhea Otitis media Trachoma |
What are the adverse effects of sulfonomides? | n/v/d NEPHROtox HEPATA tox CNS effects Steven Johnson Syndrome Rash Photophobia Hematuria Fever/chills |
What are the drug-drug interactions with sulfonamides? | Thiazide diuretics Cyclosporin Sulfonylureas (antidiabetic drugs, can cause hypoglycemia) |
What is the prototype drug for tetracyclines? | Tetracycline |
What are three other tetracyclines besides the prototype? | demeclocycline doxycycline minocycline |
Are teteracyclines broad or narrow spectrum? How do they work? | Broad. Inhibit protein synthesis Affects same protein in humans so can be toxic |
What is the most common use for tetracyclines? | Acne various infections when penicillin is contraindicated |
What are the major contraindications for tetracyclines? | Allergy Preg. and Lact Children under 8 years Fungal, mycobacterial or viral occular infections hepatic/renal dysfunction |
Major adverse effects of tetracyclines? | N/V/D BM Suppresion Photosensitivity Glossitis Discolor and inadequate calcification of primary teeth Superinfections |
What are the majore drug-drug interactions with tetracyclines? | Digoxin Oral Contraceptives Methoxyflurane Penicillin G *DOMP* |
What is the prototype drug for the antimycobacterials (anti-TB)? Leprostatic? | Isoniazid Dapsone |
What are antimycobacterial drugs used for? | Treatment of TB prophylactic treatment of household members of someone recently diagnosed with TB |
What are the eight other antimycobacterial drugs besides isoniazid? | capreomycin cycloserine ethambutol ethionamide pyrazinamide rifampin rifapentine streptomycin |
How do antimycobacterial drugs work? | interfere with lipid and nucleic acid synthesis |
What are the major contraindications for antimycobacterial drugs? | Allergy Hepatic/renal dysfunction Pregnancy CNS dysfunction |
What are the drug-drug interactions for antimycobacterial drugs? | Isoniazid taken with rifampin may cause LIVER toxicity Oral Contraceptives |
What is Dapsone used for most commonly? | Leprosy Brown recluse spider bites |
What are the major adverse effects of antimycobacterial drugs? | n/v/d CNS: hallucinations Peripheral neuropathy Hepatitis BM suppression Fever Local irritation at injection site Gynecomastia Lupus syndrome Orange tint to bodily secretions |
What is the most common side effect with rifampin, rifabutin and rifapentine? | Orange tint in bodily secretions |
What is the prototype drug for Ketolides? | telithromycin |
Are ketolides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? how do they work? | bacteriocidal Bind to bacterial ribosome, alters protein function |
What are ketolides used for? | Only FDA approved drug for community-acquired pneumonia |
What are the contraindications for ketolides? | Allergy Allergy to MACROLIDES renal/hepatic impairment |
What are the adverse effects of ketolides? | n/v/d psuedomembranous colitis BM suppression CNS effects hypotension cardiac arrest rash pain/abscess at injection site |
What is the prototype drug for macrolides? | erythromycin |
What are three other macrolides besides erythromycin? | azithromycin clarithromycin dirithromycin |
are macrolides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? How do they work? | Both Bind to cell membrane, causing change in protein function and cell death |
What are macrolides used for? | Allergy to penicillin dermatological infections eye infections URI Legionaire's Disease Syphillis Mycoplasma pneumonia Chlamidia GI infections UTIs prophalyxis for endocarditis/valve heart problems before dental work |
What are the contrindications for macrolides? | Allergy Hepatic dysfunction occular contraind if viral, fungal or mycobacterial infect. of eye Renal disease Preg & lact. |
What are the drug-drug interactions with macrolides? | Cycloserine (causes renal tox) Increased effects: Digoxin Oral Anticoagulants Theophyllines Carbamezapine Corticosteroids |
What are the adverse effects of macrolides? | n/v/d abdominal cramping pseudomembranous colitis Neurological/psychological effects rash superinfection liver toxicity hearing loss |
What is the prototype drug for the monobactam antibiotics? | aztreonam |
are monobactam antibiotics gram pos or gram neg? how does it work? | Gram neg. enterobacteria. Interferes with cell wall synthesis, causing cell death |
Can maonobactam antibiotics be taken by mouth? | No, parenteral only |
What are the contraindications for monobactam antibiotics? | Allergy Allergy to penicillin or cephalosporin Renal/hepatic dysfunction preg & lact. |
What are the drug-drug interactions for monobactam antibiotics? | Incompatible in solution with: Nafcillin Cephradine Metronidazole |
What are the adverse effects of monobactam antibiotics? | n/v/d Rash hypersensitivity pain at injection site rash superinfection liver toxicity |
What are monobactam antibiotics used for? | UTI Dermatological infections Gynocological infections Lower respiratory infections Intra-abdominal infections |
Which antibiotics interfere with cell wall synthesis? | cephalosporins (cefaclor) Penicillins (amoxicillin) sulfonamides (cotrimoxazole) Monobactam (aztreonam) |
Which antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis? | aminoglycosides (gentamycin) tetracyclines (tetracycline) lincosamides (clindamycin) |
Which antibiotics interfere with or change protein function? | Ketolides (telithromycin) macrolides (erythromycin) |
macrolides work by... | interfering with protein synthesis |
What does the mnemonic STRIPE stand for? | Anti-TB drugs streptomycin rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
what are the most common side effects of cephalosporins? | GI effects: n/v/d, abdominal pain, flatulence dermatological effects: rash, itching |
What are two examples of penicillinase resistant penicillins? | oxacillin and nafcillin |
What are the two most common macrolides? | erythromycin and zithromax (Z-pac, good because short dosing time, well compliant) |
What are the most common side effects of macrolides? | GI effects & hepatoxicity |