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1Psychology test one
terms of general psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | study of the mind + scientific study of behavior and mental process |
| Dualism | human mind and body are two distinct entities |
| Early philosophers | Aristotle, R.Cart |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Father of psychology (1879) Structuralism, created first lab |
| Structuralism | breaking down mental processes |
| Functionalism | mind shaped by natural selection. Education, environment, ways of life |
| Gestalt psychology | Max Wertheimer ( whole elements ) perception and sensation |
| William James | founder of functionalism |
| Behaviorism | observing measurable change, people and animals |
| John B. Watson | founder of behaviorist movement |
| Ivan Pavlov | classical conditioning |
| B.F. Skinner | operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment (skinner box) |
| Sigmund Freud | Psychodynamic theory. Emphasized that many important mental processes happen outside the conscious awareness state. |
| Humanism | human nature is inherently good, and people seek to improve. (goal oriented, free will) |
| Carl Rogers | founders of humanistic approach |
| Abraham Maslow | founders of humanistic approach |
| The Psychological Perspectives | biological, evolutionary, cognitive, social, developmental, clinical, individual differences |
| Five steps in the scientific method (in order) | 1.Perceive – to ask questions (research) 2.Hypothesize – predict, educate guess 3.Test – put hypothesis to work, assessment 4.draw conclusions – the product, data, results of test 5.Report, revise, replicate – publish results |
| Naturalistic observation | watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment. |
| Naturalistic observation (adv | realistic picture of behavior |
| Naturalistic observation disadv | tendency of people to behave differently from normal when they’re being observed. (observer effect) |
| (observer effect) | tendency of people to behave differently from normal when they’re being observed |
| Participant observer | a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes an actual participant in the study. |
| Observer bias | tendency of observer to see what they want to expect. |
| Blind Observer | - people who do not know what research question is. Reduce observer bias. |
| Laboratory observation | watching animals or humans behave in a lab setting |
| Laboratory observation (adv | control over environment, specialized equipment |
| Laboratory observation disadv | – artificial behavior |
| Case study | study of one individual in great deal. Estimate time 6months per person |
| Case study (adv | tremendous amount of detail |
| Case study disadv | cannot apply to other |
| Surveys | researches ask a series of questions about the topic |
| Surveys (adv | data from large numbers of people. Study convert behavior |
| Surveys disadv | people are not always accurate (courtesy bias) |
| Correlational studies | a measure of the relationship between two variables |
| Positive correlation | both go the same direction, more towards +1 |
| Negative correlation | both go opposite directions, towards -1 |
| Operational definitions | definition variable of inserts that allows it to be directly measured. |
| Independent variable | variable being manipulated *program |
| Dependent variable | depends on the independent effect |
| Experimental design | experimental group / control group) |
| Exp group | being treated on |
| Control group | not being manipulated |
| Random assignment | – randomly assigning subjects to control or experiment group |
| Placebo effect | – phenomenon in which expectation of participants in a study can influence their behavior |
| Single blind studies | subject does not know which group they’re in. |
| Experimenter effects | tendency of experimenter expectation for a study to unintentionally influence results of study |
| Double blind studies | third party is brought to assign groups. Neither the experimenter nor the subjects know the study. |
| Quasi experimental design | not necessarily in experiment form due to lack of resources. Therefore random assignment is used |
| Nervous system | caries info to and from all parts of the body |
| Neuroscience | study of neural structure behavior and learning |
| Structure of the neuron | Neuron,Dendrites,Axon,Myelin,Soma |
| 1. Soma | nucleus, life of cell |
| 2. Dendrites | branch that receives messages from other cells |
| 3. Axon | longest part of the cell. Cell that carries neural message |
| 4. Myelin | protects and speeds up communication 270mph |
| 5. Neuron | both electrically and chemically. • Resting potential – stable • Action potential – work • Refractory period – back to rest |
| All or none | neuron either fires completely or not at all |
| The synapse | point of communication between to neurons |
| Neural impulse | communication within the neuron itself is electrical; communication between neurons is chemical) |
| Excitatory neurotransmitter | causes receiving cell to FIRE |
| inhibitory neurotransmitter | causes receiving cell to STOP |
| Neurotransmitters and functions | (acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, dopamine, endorphins) |
| Central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| Three types of neurons | Sensory Interneurons Motor |
| 1. Sensory | senses to central nervous system (cns) |
| 2. Motor | central nervous system (cns) to muscles |
| 3. Interneurons- | outnumber all other neurons. Communicate between motor and sensory |
| Peripheral nervous system | – Automatic (involuntary) Somatic (sensory and skeletal) |
| Autonomic nervous system | parasympathetic ns, sympathetic ns) |
| Parasympathetic | conserving energy, calming |
| Sympathetic | fight or flight arousal |
| Brain structures: | Pons Cerebellum Cortex Reticular formation Limbic system Medulla |
| Pons | arousal and sleep dreaming |
| Cerebellum | rapid, fine motor movement, balance, equilibrium |
| Medulla | – life sustaining functions, breathing, swallowing, and heart rate |
| Reticular formation | Selecting attention) |
| Limbic system | hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus |
| Cortex | outermost layer of the brain, responsible for higher thinking |
| Corpus callusom | spindle fibers that connect the two hemispheres. |
| Four lobes | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
| 1. Frontal lobe | decision making and fluent speech |
| 2. Parietal lobe | balance *touch, taste, temp |
| 3. Temporal lobe | sense of hearing and meaningful speech |
| 4. Occipital lobe | visual center of the brain |
| acetylcholine | excitatory and inhibitory. involved in memory and controls muscle contraction |
| serotonin | excitatory inhibitory. involved appetite, mood, and sleep |
| GABA | major inhibitory neurotrans. involved in sleep and inhibits movement |
| glutamate | major excitatory trans. involved in learning, memory formation and nervous system development. |
| norepinephrine | major excitatory. arousal and mood |
| dopamine | excitatory and inhibitory. control movement and pleasure. |
| endorphins | pain relief |
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