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Health of the Heart

The Human Heart and its Health - Blood Pressure, Atherosclerosis, CVD

QuestionAnswer
Atherosclerosis A hardening of the Arteries, causing a build up of plaque leading to clot formation.
Blood Pressure Is the pressure the blood is under in the ARTERIES.
Hydrostatic Pressure Is the amount of pressure exerted by a fluid on something else.
Peripheral Resistance. The resistance on the blood in the blood vessels that causes the blood pressure to fall. Caused by friction between the blood and walls of the vessels.
A Healthy blood Pressure is: 120 (Systolic) / 80 (Diastolic)
Describe the effect on blood pressure when the Artery Smooth Muscle constricts and dilates. Constricts: Decreases Lumen capacity, increases the contact area of blood and vessel wall, increasing blood pressure. Dilate: Smooth muscle dilates, increasing lumen capacity, decreases area contact with blood vessel, decreasing blood pressure.
Name one thing that causes permanent change in the artery width: Atherosclerosis. Narrowing.
Name the two Instruments used in measure Blood Pressure: Stethoscope, Sphygmomanometer.
Describe and explain the blood pressure in the Arteries: High blood pressure, close to heart, few of them meaning high blood volume in each.
Describe and explain the blood pressure in the Arterioles: Medium-High Pressure, similar to Arteries but many more of them, so reduced blood volume to surface in each, also further from the heart so Peripheral Resistance has had chance to take effect.
Describe and explain the blood pressure in the Capillaries: Medium-Low, far from the heart, increased peripheral resistance as there millions of them mean there is great surface area in contact with the blood.
Venuoles and Veins: Low, slowly returning to the heart from the capillaries, peripheral resistance has taken much of the pressure away.
Blood Pressure Measuring method Part 1: The Sphygmomanometer is attached to the arm just above the elbow and inflated until no blood pulse can be felt or heard.
Blood Pressure Measuring method Part 2: The air in the sphygmonometer is let out until only a small amount of blood can be heard in the brachial artery by the stethoscope, this is the highest pressure blood making it through the artery, this is noted as the Systolic Pressure (120 in healthy).
Blood Pressure Measuring method Part 3: The rest of the air is let out of the Sphygmomanometer slowly until no sound can be heard, this is the lowest blood pressure, measured as Diastolic. (80 in healthy people).
Hypotension <90/60 sustained low blood pressure. Caused by heart damage or loss of blood volume.
Hypertension >140/90, high blood pressure. Caused by Damage/Narrowing of the Arteries and lack of elastic muscle.
Plaque Fatty deposits under the Endothelium.
Endothelium The smooth, single-cell layer on the walls of the blood vessels.
Atheroma A build up of Triglycerides, Cholesterol and white blood cells at the site of damage in a blood vessel.
Thombus A blood Clot.
Embolus A dislodged blood clot, floating in the blood stream.
Inflammatory Response Endothelium that becomes broken from the plaque build up behind it. Platelets become activated, causing a blood clot to be formed.
Aneurysm Blood builds up behind the blockage in an artery, causing the vessel to bulge, putting increasing stress on the vessel. These can burst, causing massive internal bleeding.
Two reasons why Atherosclerosis increases BP. BP is increased by: 1. Decreased Lumen volume from the Atheroma/Thrombus. 2. Decreased elasticity of the Artery Wall because of the hardened plaques in the wall.
Heart Attack (M.I) Atherosclerosis causes the formation of a thrombus on the wall of a Coronary Artery, reducing and eventually stopping blood flow. Cells begin to respire Anaerobically, shut down to preserve themselves and eventually die if the blood flow isn't restored.
Stroke A Embolus lodges itself in a Carotid artery or an artery in the brain, causing Neurons to die, they cannot be replaced so brain function is diminished.
Name Four CVD. Heart Attack, Stroke, Aneurysm, Atherosclerosis.
List at least 6 Risk Factors for CVD: Smoking, High Cholesterol Level in blood, Age, Inactivity, Genetic Factors, High Blood Pressure, Diet, Diabetes, Alcohol, Gender,
Name 4 Treatments for CVD Antihypertensive Drugs, Statins, Anticoagulants, Platelet Inhibitory Drugs.
Name the types of Antihypertensive Drugs: Diuretics, ACE Inhibitors, Beta-Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers.
Diuretics: Decrease blood pressure by reducing blood volume, they do this by increasing the amount of water removed by the Kidneys.
ACE Inhibitors: Increase vasodialation, thus increasing blood volume and decreasing blood pressure.
Anticoagulants and Platelet Inhibitory Drugs: Aspirin and wafarin reduce the action of platelets and proteins involved in blood clotting, reducing the risk of a blood clot forming.
Beta-Blockers: These drugs block the receptors sensitive to Adrenaline in the heart, reducing Heart rate and blood pressure as a result.
Plant Statins: Reduce the action of Enzymes in the liver which are responsible for the production of Cholesterol, especially LDLs. They also improve the ratio of HDLs to LDLs.
What are the risks associate with Treatments of CVD?: Anti-Hypertensive Drugs: Reducing blood pressure needs to be check regularly (prevent Hypotention). Drug-Body interactions. Statins: People do not change life style and assume drug will do the work, also so unwanted side effects. Anticoagulants: Bleeding.
Risk: The Chance or probability of something negative Occurring.
Things that affect perceived Risk: Persons personal opinion, Media, experience, etc.
Epidemiology: The study of disease patterns in populations.
Created by: mjwilson1988
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