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Microbiology Ch. 2
HU: Dr. Eribo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the light microscope used for? | Used to examine cells at relatively low magnification. |
| What is the electron microscope used for? | Used to look at cells and cell structures at very high resolution. |
| What is resolution? | The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct and separate. |
| What are the types of light microscopes? | Bright-field, phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, dark-field and fluorescence. |
| What are the lenses that compound microscopes contain? | An objective lense and an ocular lense. |
| What are dyes used for? | Used to stain cells to increase their contrast in bright-field microscopy. |
| What is a differential stain? | Stains that render different cells different colors. |
| What is the Gram stain? | It divides bacteria into two major groups: gram-negative and/or gram-positive. |
| What are the two forms of light microscopy that do not kill the specimen? Why? | Phase-contrast and dark-field because they do not require the use of harsh dye. |
| Phase-contrast microscopy... | Based on principle that cells differ in refractive index from their surroundings. |
| Dark-field microscopy... | Where light reaches only the sides of the specimen. |
| Flourence microscopy... | Used to visualize specimens that emit light of one color after absorbing another. |
| Differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC)... | Employs a polarizer in the condenser to polarize light. |
| Atomic force microscopy (AFM)... | Where a tiny stylus is positioned extremely close to the specimen such that weak repulsive forces are established between the stylus and the atoms on the specimen's surface. |
| Confocal scanner laser microscopy (CSLM)... | Couples a laser source to a fluorescent microscope then generates a three-dimensional image. |
| Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)... | Used to examine cells and their structure at very high magnification and resolution. |
| Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)... | Where the specimen is coated with heavy metal and an electron bean scans across the specimen which collects electron scattered from metal. |
| What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane? | Separates the inside of the cell from the outside. |
| What is the cytoplasm? | The inside of the cell. |
| What are the macromolecules? | Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and polysaccharides. |
| What are ribosomes? | The cell's protein-synthesizing structures. |
| What is the function of the cell wall? | Lends structural strength to the cell. |
| What about the cell wall? | It is relatively permiable and much stronger than the membrane. |
| What is a prokaryote? | A single celled organism. |
| What is a eukaryote? | Cells with a membrane-bound nuclei. |
| What does the nucleus contain? | DNA and RNA. |
| What are organelles? | Membrane enclosed structures in the cytoplasm. |
| What are the function of the mitochondria and chloroplasts? | They are dedicated to energy conservation and carry out respiration and photosynthesis. |
| Are viruses cells? | No. |
| What is a genome? | A complement of genes. |
| What is a chromosome? | DNA represented in a circular molecule, packaged with proteins. |
| How does the nucleoid form? | When the chromosome aggregates within the cell it forms a mass which is the nucleoid. |
| What does haploid mean? | Containing a single copy of each gene. |
| What are plasmids? | Genes that confer a special property. |
| What is phylogeny? | The evolutionary relationships between organisms. |
| What are the cellular lineages? | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. |
| What is the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)? | Where the lineages are said to have diverged from. |
| What are chemoorganotrophs? | Cells that use organic chemicals. |
| What are chemotrophs? | Organisms that conserve energy from chemicals. |
| What are chemolithotrophs? | Organisms that carry out chemolithotrophic reactions. |
| What are phototrophs? | Organisms that do not require chemicals as a source of energy. |
| What are heterotrophs? | Organisms that require organic compounds as a carbon source. |
| What are autotrophs? | Organisms that use carbon dioxide as their carbon source. |
| What are extremophiles? | Organisms that inhabit extreme environments. |
| What are proteobacteria? | The largest phylum of Bacteria. |
| What are cyanobacteria? | Phlogenetic relatives of gram-positive bacteria and are oxygenic phototrophs. |
| What is bacteriology? | The study of Bacteria. |
| What is mycology? | The scientific study of fungi. |
| What is phycology? | The branch of botany ceoncerned with seaweeds and other algae. |
| What is prozoology? | The branch of zoology that studies protozoans. |
| What is virology? | The branch of science that deals with the study of viruses. |
| What is immunology? | The branch of medicine and biology concerned with immunity. |
| What is parasitology? | The branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms. |
| What is microbial ecology? | The relationship of one microorganism with another and their environment. |
| What is microbial physiology? | The study of how the microbial cell functions biochemically. |
| What is molecular biology? | The branch of biology that studies the function and structure of the macromolecules essential to life. |
| What is pathogenic microbiology? | The study of disease causing microorganisms. |
| What is environmental microbiology? | The study of the composition and physiology of microbial communities in the environment. |
| What is food microbiology? | The study of the organisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food. |
| What is biotechnology? | The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes. |
| What is industrial microbiology? | Encompasses the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of food or industrial products. |
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amandadaniellestrong
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