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Ch. 2, 3, 4 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Polar | describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends |
| Cohesion | attraction between particles of the same substance |
| Adhesion | attraction between different substances |
| Hydronium ion | an ion consisting of a proton combined with a molecule of water; H3O |
| pH scale | a range of values that are used to express the acidity or basic- ity of a system. 7 is neutral, 0-6 is acidic, 8- 14 is basic |
| Buffer | a solution made from a weak acid and its conjugate base that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to it |
| Acid | any compound that raises the number of hydronium ions when dis- solved in water; react with bases |
| Base | any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water |
| Hydrogen Bond | the intermolecular force that happens when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule |
| Hydroxide ion | the OH- ion |
| Organic compound | a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides |
| Monomer | a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
| Polymer | a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units |
| Condensation Reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule |
| ATP | an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; made of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| Carbohydrate | any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things |
| Monosaccharide | a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |
| Disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
| Polysaccharide | one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; include starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
| Protein | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| Amino Acid | an organic molecule that contains a carboxyl and an amino group and that makes up proteins |
| Peptide Bond | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| Polypeptide | a long chain of several amino acids |
| Enzyme | a type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| Substrate | a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element |
| Active Site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate |
| Lipid | a large, nonpolar organic molecule, including fats and steroids. Store energy and make up cell membranes |
| Steroid | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action |
| Nucleic Acid | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
| Nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
| Cell | the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm |
| Cytoplasm | the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus |
| Cytosol | the soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes |
| Prokaryote | a single-celled organism that has no nucleus and has no membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryote | an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; include animals, plants, and fungi but not bacteria or archaea |
| Organelle | one of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function |
| Cytoskeleton | the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments and tubes that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division |
| Microtubule | one of the small, tubular fibers composed of the protein tubulin that are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that compose the cytoskeleton, and that play a role in cell structure and movement |
| Microfilament | a fiber found inside eukaryotic cells that is composed mainly of the protein actin and that has a role in cell structure and movement |
| Cilium | a hairlike structure arranged in tightly packed rows that projects from the surface of some cells |
| Flagellum | a long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move |
| Plastid | an organelle of plant cells that contains specific substances and performs specific functions for the cell; examples include chloroplasts and chromoplasts |
Created by:
sarah.hubert1018
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