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Charpter 2,3,4 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| polar | A molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends |
| cohesion | The force that holds molecules of a single material together |
| adhesion | The attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other |
| hydrogen bond | the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule |
| hydroxide ion | the OH- ion |
| hydronuim ion | an ion consisting of a proton combined with a water molecule |
| acid | any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water. pH 0-7 |
| base | any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. pH 7-14 |
| pH scale | provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
| Buffer | any substance or mixture of compounds that, added to a solution, is capable of neutralizing both acids and bases without appreciably changing the original acidity or alkalinity of the solution. |
| Organic Compound | a covalently bonded compound containing carbon |
| Monomer | a simple molecule that can combine with like or unlike molecules to form a polymer |
| Polymer | a large molecule that is made up of five or more monomers, or small molecules |
| Condensation Reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or some other simple molecule |
| ATP | an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes |
| Carbohydrate | an organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provides nutrients to the cells of living things |
| monosacchride | a simple sugar that is the basic monomer of a carbohydrate |
| disacchride | a sugar formed from two monosacchrides |
| polysacchride | one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars. Includes starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
| protein | an organic compound that is made up of one or more chains of amino acids and is the principal component of all cells |
| amino acid | a protein monomer |
| peptide bond | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| polypeptide | a long chain of several animo acids |
| enzyme | a type of protein of RNA molecule that speeds up the metabolic process in plants and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| substrate | a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element: the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| active site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate |
| lipid | a large, nonpolar molecule, including fats and steroids; store energy and make up cell membranes |
| steroid | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and usually have a physiological action |
| nucleic acid | an organic compound, either DNA or RNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
| nucleotide | a sub-unit that consists of sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
| cell | The smallest unit that can perform all life processes |
| cytoplasm | the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all the organelles except the nucleus |
| cytosol | the soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered in membrane |
| prokaryote | a single-celled organism that doesn't have a nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles |
| eukaryote | an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; includes animals, plants, and fungi but not bacteria or archaea |
| organelle | a specialized part of a cell having some specific function; a cell organ. |
| cytoskeleton | the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments and tubes that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division |
| microtuble | one of the small tubular filaments composed of the protein tubulin that are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that compose the cytoskeleton, and that play a role in cell structure and movement |
| microfilament | a fiber found inside eukaryotic cells that is composed mainly of the protein actin and that has a role in cell structure and movement |
| cilium | a hair-like structure arranged in tightly packed rows that projects from the surface of some cells |
| flagellum | a long, hair-like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move |
| plastid | a small, double-membraned organelle of plant cells and certain protists, occurring in several varieties, as the chloroplast, and containing ribosomes, prokaryotic DNA, and, often, pigment. |
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