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BIOL 3211
Topic 1: Animal History; Problems Animals Face
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| comparative physiology | the various solutions different animals have devised to the problems they face |
| Which animals show up first in evolution? | the simplest ones (the majority of the time |
| eons | longest division of geological time |
| 2 examples of eons | Precambrian & Phanerozoic |
| Which eon consisted of 3 eras? | Phanerozoic eon |
| Each era consists of how many periods? | 2 or more |
| Very little fossil records in which eon? | Precambrian eon |
| When were the earliest known fossil records from? | Start from the Phanerozoic Eon |
| Years since era began X 10-6: 4,600 | Precambrian Eon |
| Years since era began X 10-6: 540 | Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic era |
| Years since era began X 10-6: 230 (1/4 a billion yrs ago) | Mesozoic era |
| Years since era began X 10-6: 65 | Cenozoic era |
| 3 eras of Phanerozoic Eon | Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic |
| Paleozoic Era | evolution of insects and reptiles (a lot of phylo developed) |
| Mesozoic Era | appearance of mammals, ruled by dinosaurs RAWR |
| Cenozoic | evolution of mammals, dinosaurs gone, appearance of HUMANS (largely nocturnal) |
| Cambrian period importance | first fossils were formed (1/2 billion years ago) |
| Most of the establishment of present phyla and early vertebrates took place in the ____ period of the _______ era. | first; Paleozoic |
| In the ____ period, _____ happened so suddenly during this brief time that the preceding eons are referred to as "____". | Cambrian; evolution; Precambrian |
| ___ levels in the atmosphere reached ___%, developing a ____ layer good enough for phylo to survive in this period? | O2; 1; ozone |
| A number of living things appeared and disappeared during this period that is often referred to as "experimentation" | Cambrian period |
| Usually, when a living thing survived thru this period, they are more likely to be something that survives in the present day. | Cambrian period |
| In the Cambrian period, ____ genes showed up and ____ of beings happened. | developmental; variation |
| The earliest primates appeared less than ____ yra. | 10^8 |
| First humans appeared about ____ yra. | 10^6 |
| Earliest recorded human history | 10^4 |
| The most famous and best studied mass extinction is the one that occurred at the ___ boundary ___ million years ago. Marks the extinction of a large number of ___, mostly marine. Best known for the ____ extinction. | K-T; 65; invertebrates; dinosaurs |
| Permian extinction caused by? | volcanic activity |
| 2 dominant species during the Mesozoic period? | Terrestrial: dinosaurs Aquatic: marine reptiles |
| 95% of the species died off during the ___ period. | Paleozoic; rapid return of species (insects) |
| Dinosaurs died out during the ____ Extinction | Cretaceous |
| Louis Alvarez | Discovered an unusually large concentration of iridium in the sediment layer on the surface of the earth 65 million yra. Believed to have been produced by an asteroid |
| Potential site of the asteroid impact? | Yucatan Peninsula |
| Species | most basic unit of classification; alike enough to interbreed |
| Categories for grouping animals | species, genus, family, order, class, phylum |
| 2 organisms in the same phylum are considered to have ___ basic body plans | Same |
| Protozoa | came first; simplest; single cell |
| Cnidaria | radial symmetry; ex. jellyfish, corals very simply organized no large metabolic needs; waste goes out the same way food came in |
| bilateral symmetry | we have this |
| Platyhelminthes | no put thru system; flat worms |
| Nemerteans | ribbon worms; probossis worms |
| Nematodes | round worms; complete enough to be a real animal |
| Molluscs to anthropods are....? | the most developed |
| Acoeleomates | least developed organ system; guts and internal organs in well defined cavities but not developed, just fumbles around |
| Pseudocoelom | has body cavity but not really developed |
| Protosomes | mouth developed at the blastocoel; early embryonic stages are determinate (pre-programmed, so split will have identical but it is still one; clevage is spiral (less than 90 degree angle) |
| Deuterosomes | mouth developes at the opposite end of the blastocoel; ealy embryonic stages are indeterminate; cleavage is radial (cells at right angles during division) |
| Life arose in an ocean-like environment because....? | 1) salt & water balance is easy 2) water is bouyant, helps movement 3) no temperature extremes 4) radiation protection 5) light is fine for photosynthesis up to 650ft |
| Fresh water vs. salt water | Fresh water is more difficult environment because of salt & water balance |
| Fresh water v.s. terrestrial environment | Land is more difficult because of: support and movement water evaporation |
| homeostasis | constant internal conditions a lot of metabolic energy used to maintain it have rhythmic variations that improve the idea of it |
| water balance problems | osmosis, salt concentrations, waste products |
| interstitial fluids | fluids bathing the individual cells |
| The values of many features are ____, but ____ rhythmically | not constant; change |
| water balance | regulation of the solute concentrations of the various fluids of the body |
| osmosis | total concentration of the solutes |
| ion balances | concentration of each of the various salts |
| Osmosis and ion balance are ____ related and often regulated by ____ organs. | closely; same |
| Excretion | removal of soluble wastes (urine) |
| 2 major classes of proteins used for movement | 1) cilia and flagella use microtubles 2)muscles use microfillaments |
| Read over topic 1 page 8-9 |
Created by:
starryeyes213
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