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Class Notes1
Test on Ch 1& 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science 1 | Science is a way of learning about the natural world through observation and experimentation. |
| Science 2 | Science is body of knowledge derived from observations and experiments carried on in order to determine the principles underlying nature. |
| Scientific method | the tool for scientific inquiry. observation hypothesis experiment conclusion |
| Hypothesis Testing | observational testing controlled experiments all factors other than the one hypothesized to be causing the effect can be kept constant. |
| Experimental variable (Independent variable) | is the variable that is purposely changed or manipulated |
| Dependent variable | All other variables need to remain constant |
| Test group | is a group of subjects that are exposed to the experimental variable |
| Control group | is a group for comparison that is not exposed to the experimental variable |
| Science | builds theories, which are used to explain other observation. |
| A theory | is a general set of principles, supported by evidence, that explains some aspect of nature. |
| Scientific journals | are considered the best source of information but can be difficult for the lay person to understand |
| Often the lay person | reads secondary sources and must be wary of information taken out of context |
| Be careful of information | on the Internet by using reliable sources such as URLs with .edu, .gov and .org |
| Cell | The smallest unit of life |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells that perform a specific function |
| Organ | A structure usually composed of several tissue types that form a functional unit |
| Organ System | Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific bodily function |
| Multicelluar system | An individual living thing composed of many cells |
| Population | Members of one species inhabiting the same area |
| Species | Very similar, potentially interbreeding organisms |
| Community | Two or more populations of different species living and interacting in the same area |
| Ecosystem | A community together with its nonliving surroundings |
| Biosphere | That part of Earth inhabited by living organisms; includes both the living and nonliving components |
| Living things can be classified as: | Autotrophs Heterotrophs |
| Reproduction | is the process by which new individuals are produced by parent organisms. |
| Reproduction | Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction |
| Growth | describes the increase of cell size and number. |
| During growth | material acquired from the environment is converted into specific molecules of the organism’s body. |
| Homeostasis = staying the same. | The internal environment is in a dynamic equilibrium. |
| Feedback system | Negative feedback: counteracts the effect of changes in the internal environment. |
| Positive feedback | reinforces the changes when it serves a physiological need. |
| Enzyme 123 | Negative feedback |
| Enzyme 456 | Positive feedback |
| All living things | have the ability to adjust to changes inside the body or in the environment |
| Internal stimuli | are perceived by receptors for stretch, temperature, pain, and various chemical. |
| External stimuli | are perceived by sensory organs and muscular systems. |
| Evolution | explains the origin of diverse forms of life as a result of changes in their genetic makeup. |
| Evolution | Mutations Inheritance of traits by offspring Natural selection |
| Domain Bacteria | Bacteria |
| Domain Archaea | Archaea |
| Domain Eukarya | Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi |
| Element | a substance that cannot be reduced to any simpler set of components through chemical processes |
| Atom | smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element. |
| Molecules | are atoms bonded together. |
| atomic number | positively charged protons |
| neutrons | uncharged |
| electrons | negatively charged |
| atomic mass | Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus |
| Electrons | move around the nucleus. |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons |
| Radioactive isotopes: | spontaneously break apart forming different atoms and releasing energy. |
| Radioactive isotopes 2 | useful tools for studying biological processes. |
| Reactive atom | interact with other atoms when there are vacancies in its outermost shell |
| Inert atom | will not react because its outermost shell is completely full or empty |
| Atoms | react with other atoms in a chemical reaction, forming a chemical bond or attractive forces |
| Atoms 2 | by gaining electrons by losing electrons by sharing electrons |
| Chemical reaction | is the making and breaking of chemical bonds to form new substances |
| Molecule | 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements, held together by interactions among their outermost electron shells. |
| Compound | substance containing molecules of different types of atoms |
| Most biological molecules utilize covalent bonding | covalent bonds are strong. biological molecules function in watery environment. atoms common in biological molecules can form different types of covalent bonds. |
| Molecules with an unpaired electron | which makes it highly unstable and reactive with other molecules |
| Free radicals | often an oxygen atom. natural product of metabolism oxygen is constantly picking up electrons starting a chain reaction. free radical may irritate or scar artery walls inviting artery-clogging fatty deposits. may have a mutagenic effect on DNA. |
| O | Required for cellular respiration; component of water |
| C | Backbone of organic molecules |
| H | Electron carrier; component of water and most organic molecules |
| N | Component of most proteins and nucleic acids |
| S | Component of most proteins |
| P | Backbone of nucleic acids; important in energy transfer |
| Water | is extremely good solvent capable of dissolving solutes to form solutions because of weak hydrogen bonds. |
| Solutes | molecules with ionic bonds. molecules with polar covalent bonds. hydrophilic molecules. |
| hydrophobic interactions | Water has special effect on hydrophobic molecules |
| high cohesion | water molecules stick together |
| adhesion | water molecules stick to polar surfaces |
| Water moderate the effects of temperature changes | Specific heat of water is high |
| Energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1oC | 1 calorie for water. 0.6 calorie for alcohol. 0.2 calorie for table salt . 0.02 calorie for rock. |
| In water solutions, some molecules are ionized. | H2O <----- ------> OH(-) + H(+) |
| Pure water has equal concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions | Acidic solution: H(+) > OH(-) Basic solution: H(+) < OH(-) |
| pH scale expresses the degree of acidity. pH = - log [H(+) ] | pH = 7 for neutral solution. pH < 7 for acidic solution. pH > 7 for basic solution. |
| Buffer | a compound that tends to maintain a solution at a constant pH by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration |
| Common buffers | bicarbonate, phosphate |
| Blood becomes too acidic | HCO3- + H+ > H2CO3 |
| Blood becomes too basic | H2CO3 + OH- > HCO3- + H2O |
| CONSISTENT | Experimental results and observations are the same. |
| CONSISTENT | Experimental results and observations are N O T the same |
| OBSERVABLE | The phenomenon (event) or evidence for the event can be observed by the human senses or by extensions of those senses. |
| OBSERVABLE | The phenomenon (event) or evidence for the event can N O T be observed by the human senses or by extensions of those senses. |
| NATURAL | A natural cause or naturally occurring mechanism is used to explain how or why an event happens |
| NATURAL | A natural cause or naturally occurring mechanism C ANNO T be, or I S NOT used to explain how or why an event happens. |
| PREDICTABLE | Accurate predictions and conclusions are based on natural causes N O T on presupposed or assumed information. |
| PREDICTABLE | Accurate predictions and conclusions are N O T based on natural causes but usually on presupposed or assumed information. |
| TESTABLE | Controlled experiments can be designed to test the natural cause of the event (phenomenon). |
| TESTABLE | Controlled experiments C ANNO T be designed to test the natural cause of the event (phenomenon). |
| TENTATIVE | Explanations (laws, theories, hypotheses) of the cause (mechanism) for the event are subject to change as evidence shows the need. |
| TENTATIVE | Explanations of the cause of the event in question are N O T subject to change. |
| Organic molecules | molecules with carbon skeleton and some hydrogen atoms |
| Inorganic molecules | carbon dioxide and all molecules without carbon |
| Carbon as the starting ingredient of life | versatile in bond formation form covalent bonds |
| Organic molecules are similar in all living organisms because | small organic molecules are combined to synthesize larger molecules |
| What organic molecules are found in living organisms? | 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids |
| Dehydration reaction | the removal of water that allows subunits to link together into larger molecules |
| Hydrolysis reaction | the addition of water that breaks larger molecules into their subunits |
| What are carbohydrates? | Made of subunits called monosaccharides Made of C, H and O in which the H and O atoms are in a 2:1 ratio Function as short and long-term energy storage Found as simple and complex forms |
| Monosaccharide | 1 carbon ring as found in glucose |
| Disaccharide | 2 carbon rings as found in maltose |
| Health focus - Sugar: Sweet Poison? | A Harvard study found a link between drinking more than one sugar-sweetened soda per day and diabetes American Heart Association found consuming sugar can increase triglycerides that may lead to heart disease |
| What are lipids? | Molecules that do not dissolve in water Used as energy molecules Found in cell membranes Found as fats and oils, phospholipids and steroids |
| Fats | Usually animal origin Solid at room temperature Function as long-term energy storage, insulation from heat loss and cushion for organs |
| Oils | Usually plant origin Liquid at room temperature |
| What are steroids? | A lipid Structure is four fused carbon rings Examples are cholesterol and sex hormones |
| What are proteins? | Made of subunits called amino acids Important for diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes and transport Can denature, change in shape, that causes loss of function |
| The four levels of protein organization | Primary – the linear order of amino acids Secondary – localized folding into pleated sheets and helices Tertiary – the 3-D shape of the entire protein in space Quaternary – combination of more than one polypeptide |
| What are nucleic acids? | Made of nucleotide subunits Function in the cell to make proteins Includes RNA and DNA |
| What are the five bases found in nucleotides? | Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U) In DNA A pairs with T and G pairs with C |
| Summary of DNA and RNA structural differences? | DNA Sugar is deoxyribose Bases include A, T, C and G Double stranded RNA Sugar is ribose Bases include A, U, C and G Single stranded |
Created by:
lpenn
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