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Speech Anat
Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Boyle's Law | When gas is kept as a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional and have a constant product. |
| What type of pressure is associated with Boyle's law? | Atmospheric pressure, intrapulmunoic pressure & intrathoracic pressure |
| Respiratory tract icludes | trachea, pharynx, larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity and organs of respiration (lungs) |
| External respiration | gas exchange between luns and blood |
| Internal respiration | gas exchange between blood and cells. |
| Organs of articulation & resonance | oral, nasal & pharangeal cavities |
| Trachea | connects larynx with bronchi |
| What is the trachea composed of? | 16-20 horseshoe shaped cartilage rings its shape can be altered by the tracheal muscle inferior end connects to the bronchi |
| Bronchi | tubes that extend from the trachea to the lungs |
| parts of the bronchi | main stem bronchi, secondary bronchi & tertiary bronchi |
| Right bronchus | bigger 3 secondary bronchi 10 tertiary bronchi |
| Left bronchus | 2 secondary bronchi 8 tertiary bronch1 |
| Division of tertiary bronchi | bronchioles->terminal bronchioles->alveolar ducts->air sacs |
| alveolar ducts and air sacs | covered in tiny pits |
| Alveoli | pits found in walls of terminal bronchioles -covered with capillaries which exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide -at this level become less cartilaganous and more muscular |
| Pleurae | sac like structure that encases each lung |
| Parietal pleura | lined each pleurae |
| Visceral pleura | 2nd layer and is contionous with the parietal pleura |
| How many lobes does the right lung have? | 3 lobes- superior, middle & inferior |
| Negative pressure | the vaccum cause by the parietal and visceral pleura |
| Respiration | breathing for air |
| Primary function of breathing | oxygenation of blood |
| Secondary function of breathing | air from lungs used as a power source for speech (speech breathing) |
| 2 subprocesses during breathing | inhalation or inspiration |
| Inhalation | active process in which muscles are involved |
| Exhalation | passive process, muscles relax |
| 3 passive processes in Exhalation | gravity, unbending of bones/cartilages and elasticity of lung tissue |
| Exhalation (speech breathing) | active process because we have to control the passive process when speaking |
| During the process of inhalation | enlarge the thoracic cavity |
| Superior border of the thoracic cavity | shoulder or pectoral girdle |
| Inferior border of the thoracic cavity | Diaphragm which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
| Shoulder (pectoral) girdle made up of | shoulder and scapula |
| Anterior border of thoracic cavity | sternum |
| Posterior border of the thoracic cavity | vertebral column |
| Lateral border of thoracic cavity | ribs and costal cartilages |
| Adult vertebral column | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, a sacrum, 1 coccyx |
| Adolescent vertebral column | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx |
| Vertebral foramen | an arch that encloses a space for the spinal cord |
| Spinous process | prominent projection, directed dorsally and more inferiorly from the neural arch |
| Transverse process | projects laterally from the vertebrae. |
| Articular facets | located on thoracic vertebrae provide attachments for ribs |
| Ribs 1-7 | true ribs directly attach to sternum by costal cartilages |
| Ribs 8-10 | false ribs that attach directly to one long costal cartilage |
| Ribs 11-12 | floating ribs, has no anterior attachments |
| Ribs attach posteriorly | by cosco cental ligament and cosco transverse ligaments |
| At respiratory rest | intrapulmonic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. At the same time intrathoracic pressure is less than both. |
| thoracic muscles used in inhalation | diaphram, external intercostal, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus posterior superior, subclavius & levator costalis |
| neck muscles used in inhalation | sternocleoidomastoid, scalenus anterior, scalenus medial, scalenus posterior |
| back muscles used in inhalation | sacrospinalis & latissmus dorsi |
| thoracic muscles used in exhalation | internal intercostal muscles, serratas posterior inferior, transverse thoracic muscles, subcostals |
| back muscles used in exhalation | iliocostalis dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, quadratus lumborum |
| abdominal muscles involved in exhalation | rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques |
| Origin | fixed point of attachment |
| Insertion | moveable point of attachment |
| Course | direction of fibers |
| Innervation | nerve supply |
| Function | the physiological accomplishments |
| Diaphragm | single muscle that separates thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
| Origin of the diaphragm | posterior surface of the xiphoid process, inner surface of the upper lumbar vertebrate ans well as the inner surface of ribs 7-12 |
| Insertion of the diaphragm | central tendon |
| Innervation of the diaphragm | phrenic nerve |
| Function of the diaphragm | to enlarge the thoracic cavity in its vertical dimension during unforced inhalation |
| External intercostal muscles | 11 pairs located in between ribs |
| Origin of the external intercostal muscle | inferior surface of rib |
| Insertion of external intercostal muscle | superior surface of the rib |
| Course of the external intercostal muscle | downward and medially toward the sternum. Downward and laterally away from the vertebral column |
| Innervation of the external intercostal muscles | intercostal nerves |
| Function of the external intercostal muscles | raise the ribs and increase their size of the thoracic cavity during unforced inhalation |
| Origin of internal intercostal muscles | inferior surface of the rib above |
| Insertion of internal intercostal muscle | medical surface of the rib immediately below |
| Course of internal intercostal muscles | downward and laterally away from the sternum. Downward and medially toward the vertebral column |
| Innervation of the internal intercostal muscles | intercostal nerves |
| Function of internal intercostal muscles | help lower the ribs during unforced exhalation |
| Origin of levator costalis | 7th cervical & upper 11 thoracic vertebrate on the transverse process |
| Insertion of the levator costalis | lateral surface of the rib immediately below, course downward and laterally |
| Innervation of the levator costalis | intercostal nerves |
| Function of the levator costalis | help raise the shoulder girdle and enlarge the thoracic cavity during forced inhalation |
| Origin of sternocleoidomastoid | anterior and the superior surface of the manubrium, they insert into the clavicle and scapula by means of a tendon |
| Insertion of sternocleoidomastoid | course upward and posteriorally. Also attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. |
| Innervation of the sternocleoidomastoid | accessory nerve |
| Functions of the sternocleoidomastoid | rotation of the head and raise the sternum during forced inhalation |
| Scalene muscle made up of? | scalenus anterior, medial and posterior |
| Origin of scalene muscle | c2 to c6 |
| Insertion of scalene muscle | ribs 1 & 2 at the tubercle, they course downward |
| Innervation of scalene muscles | cervival nerves 2&3 |
| Function of scalene muscles | raise the ribs during force inhalation |
| Bony pelvis made up of | pelvic girdle, sacrum and coccyx |
| Innominate bone or hip bone comprises of? | Ilium, Ischium & pubis |
| Rectus abdominis | largest muscle that provides for points of attachments for muscles of exhalation. Connected by a tendenous linea alba |
| Origin of rectus abdominis | bony pubis |
| Insertion of rectus abdominis | inserts to the outer surface of the xiphoid process, as well as ribs 5,6,7 inclubing their costal cartilages |
| Innervation of rectus abdominis | thoracic nerves 6-12 |
| Function of rectus abdominis | flatten the abdomen and the abdominal visceral which forces the diaphragm upward during forced exhalation |
| What are lung air volumes? | discreet volumes of air, only 1 can be measured by a wet spirometer |
| Tidal air | air that we inhale and exhale during quiet breathing. Best lung air volume for speaking. Least amount of muscles are used. |
| Origin of Transverse abdominis | superior surface of the ilium (illiac crest) as well as the inner surface of ribs 6-12 |
| Insertion of transverse abdominis | aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis |
| Course of transverse abdominis | upwards and horizontally |
| Innervation of transverse abdominis | thoracic nerves 6-12 |
| Function of transverse abdominis | help to compress the abdomen during unforced exhalation |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume | air that can be inhaled in excess of tidal volume furing forced inhalation |
| Expiratory reserve | air that is exhaled during a maximum exhalation |
| Residual volume | air that remains in our lungs even after a max exhalation |
| lung air capacities | combinations of lung air volumes |
| Inspiratory reserve capacity | made up of inspiratory reserve volume & tidal volume |
| Vital capacity | includes 3: inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume & expiratory reserve volume |
| Functional residual capacity | includes expiratory reserve volume & residual volume |
| Total lung capacity | includes all four lung air volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve & residual volume |
Created by:
nalinir77
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