Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P Chp. 1-2
Intro to Anatomy and Physiology, Basic Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of Anatomy | the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another. (i.e. gross and microscopic) |
| Definition of Physiology | the study of how the body and its parts work or function. |
| What are the 6 levels or structural organization? | 1)chemical 2)cellular 3)tissue 4)organ 5)organ system 6)organismal |
| Name all 11 organ systems | 1)integumentary system 2)skeletal system 3)muscular system 4)nervous system 5)endocrine system 6)cardiovascular system 7)lympatic system 8)respiratory system 9)digestive system 10)reproductive system 11)urinary system |
| Integumentary System | waterproof, protection, excretion, sensation. (i.e. skin, membrane) |
| Skeletal System | support, framework for movement, protection. (i.e. bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints) |
| Muscular System | make up of skeletal muscles, contract/movement |
| Nervous System | fast-acting control system; command and control (i.e. brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors) |
| Endocrine System | controls body activities, produces hormones (i.e. endocrine glands) |
| Cardiovascular System | using blood as the transporting fluid, the cardiovascular system carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from other tissue cells. (i.e. heart and blood vessels, waste transport) |
| Lympatic System | cleans blood; return fluid to the blood. (lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, tonsils) |
| Respiratory System | gas exchange, oxygen in carbon dioxide out. (nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs) |
| Digestive System | breakdown food and deliver the products to the blood for disposal to the body cells, reclaim water. (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines + rectum) |
| Reproductive System | produce offspring |
| Urinary System | removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. (kidneys, ureters, bladder, uretha) |
| 8 requirements for maintaining life | 1)maintaining boundaries 2)movement 3)responsiveness 4)digestion 5)metabolism 6)excretion 7)reproduction 8)growth |
| 5 Survival Needs | 1)nutrients 2)oxygen 3)water 4)temperature 5)pressure |
| Homeostasis | dynamic equilibrium, the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even thought the outside world is continuously changing |
| Homeostatic Control Mechanisms (3) | 1)components 2)negative feedback 3)positive feedback |
| Anatomical Position | face forward, palms up, thumbs pointing away |
| 3 Main Body Cavities | 1)dorsal cavity 2)ventral cavity 3)abdominopelvic cavity |
| Dorsal Cavity | cranial cavity, vertebral cavity (brain, spinal cord) |
| Ventral Cavity | thoracic cavity, diaphram, abdominopelvic cavity. |
| Definition of Matter | stuff that occupies space and has mass. |
| Definition of Mass | amount of matter |
| States of Matter | solid, liquid, gas, plasma(not on earth). |
| Energy | the ability to do work and to move matter |
| 4 Types of Energy | 1)chemical 2)electrical 3)mechanical 4)radiant |
| Chemical Energy | always potential energy; it's the energy store in chemical bonds. |
| Electrical Energy | refer to movements of electron and proton |
| Mechanical Energy | muscle contracting (i.e. heart, watch) |
| Radiant Energy | waves; energy of the electromagnetic spectrum (heat, light, UV wave) |
| Definition of Element | fundamental units of matter |
| What are 4 most abundant elements found in human body? | 1)carbon 2)oxygen 3)hydrogen 4)nitrogen |
| Definition of Atom | building blocks of elements |
| # of neutron =? | atomic # - atomic mass |
| Atomic number =? | # proton |
| Atomic mass=? | # proton and neutron |
| Radioisotope | heavy isotope, tends to be unstable, decomposes to more stable isotope. |
| Radioactivity | process of spontaneous atomic decay. |
| Definition of Molecule | two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically. Retain same properties of the component elements. |
| Definition of Compound | two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically. Retain different properties of the component elements |
| How to fill the atom's shells | shell 1 can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. shell 2 can hold a maximum of 8 electrons. shell 3 can hold a maximum of 18 electrons. |
| Reactive Elements characteristics | -valence shells are not full and are unstable. -tend to gain, lose, or share electrons |
| Definition of Radioactivity | process of spontaneous atomic decay |
| What are 2 chemical bonds? | ionic and covalent |
| Characteristics of ionic bonds | -atoms become stable through the transfer of electrons -form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. |
| Characteristics of covalent bonds | -bonds where most energy are stored -atoms become stable through shared electrons -electrons are shared in pairs -single covalent bonds share 1 pair of e- -double covalent bonds share 2 pairs of e- -triple covalent bonds share 3 pairs of e- |
| True of false: covalent bonds are either nonpolar or polar. | True |
| Characteristics of Nonpolar | -electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecule -electrically neutral as a molecule |
| Characteristics of Polar | -electrons are NOT shared equally between the atoms of the molecule -have a positive and negative side |
| Hydrogen Bonds | -weak chemical bonds -attracted to the negative portion of polar molecule -provide attraction between molecules. |
| Name all 3 chemical reactions | synthesis, decomposition, exchange reaction |
| Synthesis Reaction | -atoms or molecules combine -energy is absorbed for bond formation (endothermic) |
| Decomposition Reaction | -molecule is broken down -chemical energy is released (exothermic) |
| Exchange Reaction | -involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions -switch is made between the molecule parts and different molecules are made |
| Intermolecular | between DIFFERENT compounds |
| Intramolecular | between SAME compounds |
| Organic Compounds | -contain carbon -most are covalently bonded -includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids -tend to be LARGE -mostly made up of polymers |
| Inorganic Compounds | -lack carbon -tend to be simpler compounds include water, salts, and some acids and bases |
| Water | -most abundant inorganic compound in the body -vital properties (high heat capacity, polarity/solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning[fetus]) |
| Salts (ions that provide electrolytes or electrical current) | -easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water -vital to many body functions -include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents |
| Acids (electrolytes; can burn things and has sour taste) | -release hydrogen ions -are proton donors |
| Bases (slippery and has bitter taste i.e. soap) | -release hydroxyl ions (OH-) -are proton acceptors |
| Neutralization Reaction | -acids and bases react to form water and a salt |
| pH ***NO UNIT*** | -measures relative concentration of hydorgen ions -pH 7 = neutral -pH below 7 = acidic -pH above 7 = basic |
| Buffers | chemicals that can regulate pH change (i.e. salts, weak acids or bases) |
| Dehydration Synthesis | monomers or building blocks are joined to form polymers through the removal of water molecules. |
| Hydrolysis | polymers are broken down into monomers through the addition of water molecules. |
| Carbohydrates | -contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen -include sugars and starches -classified according to size (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides) |
| Lipids | -contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen) -insoluble in water |
| 3 common lipids in the human body | 1)neutral fats (triglycerides) 2)phospholipids 3)steroids |
| Neutral Fats | -found in fat deposits -source of stored energy -composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule (saturated and unsaturated) |
| Phospholipids | -2 sides; polar and nonpolar -contain two fatty acids rather than three -form cell membranes |
| Steriods | -include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones -cholesterol is the basis for all steroids made in the body |
| Proteins | -account for over half of the body's organic matter (construction materials for body tissues, control cell function, act as enzyme /hormones/antibodies). -contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur -built from amino acids |
| Amino acid structure of protein | -contain an amine group (NH2) -contain an acid group (COOH) -vary only by R groups --> side chain |
| Four levels of structural organization of protein | 1)primary: amino acids link to each other (dehydration synthesis) 2)secondary: polypeptide chain fold up in complex shape 3)tertiary: one polypeptide chain is folded 4)quaternary: 4 tertiary structure to form a quaternary |
| Fibrous Proteins | **REALLY STABLE, HARD TO FALL APART** -aka structural proteins -appear in body structures -examples include collagen and keratin |
| Globular Proteins | **NOT STABLE, EASILY FALL APART** -aka functional proteins -function as antibodies or enzymes -can be denatured |
| Enzymes | **WORK BY REDUCING THE ENERGY NEEDED FOR REACTION** -act as biological catalysts -increase the rate of chemical reactions (at least a million fold) -bind to substrates at an active site |
| Nucleic Acids | -built from nucleotides (pentose [5] sugar, a phosphate group, a nirogenous base) -A, G, C, T, U |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | -the genetic material found within the cell's nucleus -provides instructions for every protein in the body -organized by complimentary bases to form a double-stranded helix -contains the sugar deoxyribose and the bases A C T G -replicates before cell |
| Rebonucleic Acid (RNA) | -carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis -created from a template of DNA -organized by complimentary bases to form a single-stranded helix -contains the sugar ribose and the bases A U C G -3 varieties- messenger, transfer, and ribosomal R |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | -composed of a nucleotide built from ribose sugar, adenine base, and 3 phosphate groups -chemical energy used by all cells -energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bonds -ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels |
Created by:
Greenpeas
Popular Biology sets