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VNSG 1231 Exam 1
Pharmacology Ch 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| movement of the a drug from the outside of the body into the blood stream | Absorption |
| same as adverse effect | ADR-Adverse drug reaction |
| a drug effect that is more severe than expected and has the potential to damage tissue or cause serious health problems | Adverse Effect |
| an extrinsic drug that activates the receptor site of the cell and mimics the actions of naturally occurring drugs | Agonist |
| type of adverse effect in which the presence of the drug stimulates the release of histamine | Allergic response |
| an extrinsic drug that blocks the receptor site of a cell, preventing the naturally occurring substance from binding to the receptor | Antagonist |
| the percentage of a dose that actually reaches the blood | bioavailability |
| a notice that a drug may produce a serious or even life threatening effects in some people in addition to its beneficial effects | Black box warning |
| A manufacturer-owned name of a generic drug; also called "trade name" | Brand Name |
| drug action that is intended to kill a cell or an organism | cytotoxic |
| extent that a drug spreads into specific compartments | Distribution |
| any small molecule that changes an body function by working at the chemical and cell levels | Drug |
| the planned use of a drug to prevent or improve a health problem | Drug therapy |
| the length of time a drug is present in the blood | duration of action |
| the removal of drugs from the body accomplished by certain body systems | Elimination |
| movement of drugs from the outside of the body to the inside using the gastrointestinal tract | Enteral Route |
| drugs that are man-made or derived from other species; not made by the human body | Extrinsic Drugs |
| rapid inactivation or elimination of oral drugs as a result of liver metabolism | First-pass loss |
| national and international public drug name created by USAN | Generic Name |
| time span needed for one half of a drug dose to be eliminated | Half-life |
| natural products made from plants that cause a response in the body similar to that of a drug; also called botanicals | Herbals |
| a drug that has an increased risk of causing patient harm if it is used in error | High-alert drug |
| desired effect of a main drug on specific body cells or tissue | intended action |
| hormones, enzymes, growth factors, and other chemicals made by the body that change the activity of cells | Intrinsic drugs |
| the first dose of a drug that is larger than all subsequent doses of the same drug | Loading dose |
| exactly how a drug works to change a body function | Mechanism of action |
| any small molecule that changes any body function by working at the chemical and cell levels | Medication |
| chemical reaction in the body that changes the chemical shape and content of a drug | Metabolism |
| the smallest amount of a drug necessary in the blood or target tissue to result in a measurable intended action | Minimum effective concentration (MEC) |
| drugs that are approved for purchase without a prescription | over the counter (OTC) |
| movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside of the body by injection | Parenteral route |
| Maximum blood level | Peak |
| movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside through the skin or mucous membranes | percutaneous route |
| unexpected adverse effects that are unique to the patient and not related to the mechanism of action of the drug | idiosyncratic (personal) responses |
| study of ways in which drugs affect the body | Pharmacodynamics |
| how the body changes drugs; drug metabolism | Pharmacokinetics |
| the science and study of drugs and their actions on living animals | Pharmacology |
| the change in body function as an outcome or the mechanism of action of a drug | Physiologic effect |
| the strength of the intended action produced at a given drug dose | Potency |
| an order written or dictated by a state-approved prescriber for a specific drug therapy for a specific patient | Prescription |
| the legal status of any drug that is considered unsafe for self medication or has a potential for addiction | Prescription Drugs |
| Physical place on or in a cell where a drug can bind and interact | Receptors |
| the "trapping" of drugs within certain body tissues, delaying their elimination, and extending their duration of action | Sequestration |
| any minor effect of a drug on body cells or tissues that is not the intended action of a drug | Side Effects |
| point at which drug elimination is balanced with drug entry, resulting in a constant effective blood level of the drug | Steady State |
| the actual cells or tissues affected by the mechanism of action or intended actions of a specific drug | Target tissue |
| type of percutaneous drug delivery in which the drug is applied to the skin, passes through the skin, and enters into the bloodstream | Transdermal |
| the lowest minimal blood level | Trough |
| changing of a drug from a liquid form to a gas that can be absorbed into the body by inhalation | Vaporized |
| role is to mix and dispense prescribed drugs | Pharmacist |
| role is to administer prescribed drugs directly to the patient | Nurse |
| a special council creates the generic names used for all drugs made in the US | United States Adopted Names (USAN) |
| one way to remember the more commonly prescribed high-alert drugs is with the term PINCH | Potassium, Insulin, Narcotics, Cancer chemotherapy agents, and Heparin |
| develops manufacturing standards-purity, strength, packaging, and labeling | United States Pharmacopeia (USP) |
| enforces standards set by USP | Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
| work together with US congress and US supreme court to protect the public | USP and FDA |
| A target for a drug | Receptors |
| Nonreceptor responses | inhibits or kills bacteria |
| skin or mucous membrane | Percutaneous Route |
| GI tract (by mouth) | Enteral Route |
| injected into the body | Parenteral Route |
| occurs in the liver and kidneys | Metabolism |
| liver toxic | hepatotoxicity |
| kidney toxic | nephrotoxicity |
| Life span considerations in children | body size- drugs prescribed in mg/kg (weight) or BSA |
| drugs that have a specific type of response in adult may have the opposite response in a child | paradoxical effect |
| life span consideration in the liver | metabolism maybe slower or faster in children, older adults may have liver damage |
| life span consideration in cardiopulmonary | effective heart, adequate blood pressure, and good oxygenation for optimum drug therapy |
| some drugs cross into breast milk | breast feeding |
| life span considerations in mothers | some drugs cross placenta, teratogens |
| drugs that can cause a birth defect | teratogens |
| Pregnancy category A | adequate well-controlled research studies that have included pregnant women have not shown the drug to have an increased risk for birth defect or problems in the fetus |
| animal studies have been done and do not shoe the drug to have an increased risk for birth defects | Pregnancy category B |
| animal studies have been done and show the drug to have an increased risk for birth defects | Pregnancy category C |
| adequate studies of the drug have been done in pregnant women and show to have an increased risk for birth defects | Pregnancy category D |
| adequate studies of the drug have been done in pregnant women and show to have a greatly increased risk for fetal abnormalities | Pregnanct category X |
| 3.5/5.0 g/dL | Albumin |
| 3-35 international units/L or 8-20 units/L | Alanine aminotransferase |
| 5-40 units/L | Aspartate aminotransferase |
| 115-225 international units/L | Lactate dehydrogenase |
| 30-85 international units/L or 42-128 units/L | alkaline phosphate |
| 0.1-1.0 mg/dL | bilirubin total serum |
| 15-110 mg/dL | ammonia |
| 10-20 mg/dL | Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
| Males: 0.6-1.3 mg/dL and Females 0.5-1 mg/dL | Creatinine |
| 135-145 mEq/L | Sodium |
| 3.5-5 mEq/L | Potassium |
Created by:
nursekk
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