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Biological Molecules
Biological Molecules - The beginning.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic Molecules | Contain Carbon |
| Alpha Glucose | Down, Down, up, Down |
| Beta Glucose | Up, Down, Up, Down |
| Monosaccharides | Single Sugars, (Hexose Sugars, Pentose) including Glucose and Fructose. |
| Disaccharides | Made up of two Monosaccharides join together in a CONDENSATION REACTION forming a Glycocidic Bond. (Sucrose, Lactose). |
| Hydrolysis | The breaking of a bond by adding water. (Breakdown of Polysaccharides, Catalysed by an Enzyme). |
| Condensation Reaction | The formation of a bond where a molecule of water is removed. (Formation of the Glycosidic Bond in Polysaccharides, Catalysed by an Enzyme). |
| Glucose | A basic Monosaccaride, used by many organisms as a source of Energy. C6-H12-O6. |
| Sucrose | A Diasaccharide, formed from Glucose and Fructose. |
| Maltose | A Diasaccharide, Formed from Two glucose molecules. |
| What is the main molecule for plant energy storage? | Starch. |
| What is starch made from? | Amylose and Amylopectin. |
| Amylose: | A component of starch, the chains of Amylose for a Spiral, causing it to be compact, meaning many molecules of it can be stored in cells. Has Glycosidic bonds at 1,4. |
| Amylopectin: | A component of Starch, has many branches with terminal glucose molecules, which can be 'broken off' rapidly when energy is needed. Has Glycosidic bonds at 1,6 and 1,4. |
| The major molecule for energy storage in Animals? | Glycogen |
| Glycogen | This is the major polysaccharide for storage in Animals. Similar to starch but has many more branches for very raid deployment of energy. Granules of Glycogen are in the Liver, Muscles and throughout the body for quick energy release. |
| Name three features of starch: | 1: Insoluble in Water, 2: Made from Amylose, Forms long, compact spiral chains, 3: Made from Amylopectin, has many branches with termincal glucose molecules for rapid energy. |
| Lipids in Animals are called: | Fats |
| Lipids in Plants are called: | Oils |
| Lipids are what type of molecules | Hydrophobic, and are insoluble in water. |
| Four uses of Lipids: | Energy, Protective (around Organs) and Vital in Cell Membrane (phospholipid bilayer), Insulation (fat). |
| Name the two parts of a Fatty Acid Structure: | The Hydrophobic Head (Carboxy group, Carboxcilic Acid). The Hydrophobic Hydrocarbon Chain. |
| Give the Molecular Formula for Glycerol: | C3H5(OH)3. |
| Name the bond formed between a Glycerol Molecule and a Fatty Acid: | Ester Bond. (enzymes required!) |
| What type of reaction occurs when a Glycerol Molecule and a Fatty Acid are bonded together? | Condensation Reaction (removal of water). |
| Ester Bond: | Formed between a Fatty acid and a glycerol molecule (3 per glycerol molecule can be formed). In a condensation reaction. The bond is formed between the Carboxyl Group (-COOH) of the Fatty Acid and the Hydroxyl Group (-OH) of the Glycerol Molecule. |
| Saturated Fatty Acids: | No Carbon-Carbon double bonds in the Hydrocarbon tail. All the Carbons are 'Saturated' by Hydrogen. |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids: (Also, name two types). | Has at least one Carbon-Carbon double bond in the Hydrocarbon Tail. Monounsaturated - Only one Double bond. Polyunsaturated - More than one double bond. |
| How are Saturated and Unsaturated fats different (Structural and Functional): | Structural: Unsat = Double bond(s) present), Satur = No Double Bonds. Functional: |
| Unsaturated Fats and saturated Fats differ how? What is the effect on their chemical properties? | Unsaturated have double bonds present and saturated do not. Chemically, unsaturated fats melt at lower temps as bonds are easier to break and they are more exposed because of the 'kink' in the hydorcarbon chain. |
| What type of bond is formed between Amino Acids?: | A peptide bond (peptide Linkage). |
| What is the monomer of an Polypeptide called: | Amino Acid. |
| What type of reaction occurs to form or break a Peptide link? | Condensation to form, Hydrolysis to break. |
| Other than a Peptide Link, what 4 other types of bonds can occur in Protein structure? | Hydrogen Bonding, van der Waals forces, Sulfur Bridges and Ionic Bonding. |
| What is the significance of Hydrogen bonding, Sulfur Bridges and Ionic bonds in Polypeptides: | Hydrogen Bonds are important in FOLDING and COILING of chains, Sulfur Bridges HOLD FOLDS IN PLACE and Ionic Bonds also help structure. |
| Fibrous Proteins: | Little or no tertiary structure, make up collagen, kretein and Fibrin. |
| Globular Proteins: | Are complex tertiary or Quaternary structures that form enzymes, haemoglobin, antibodies etc. |
| Conjugated Proteins: | Are proteins with a prosthetic group attached, such as a Glycoprotein (Protein with a Carbohydrate attached) or Lipoprotein (a Protein with a lipid attached). |
| How does a change in the amino acids present change the tertiary structure? | Alters the R groups present, changes the way the way the bonding may occur, changes the way the polypeptide chain folds and coils, changing structure. |
Created by:
mjwilson1988
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