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A&P 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ANATOMY | STUDY OF STRUCTURE “subdivisions “ gross or macroscopic (eg , regional, surface, and systemic anatomy), microscopic (eg, cytology and histology), developmental (eg, embryology) |
| PHYSIOLOGY | THE STUDY OF FUNCTION AT MANY LEVELS: subdivisions are based on organ systems (eg, renal or cardiovascular physiology) |
| WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGINIZATION | CHEMICAL: atoms and molecules (chapter 2) -> CELLULAR:cells and their organelles (chapter 3) -> TISSUE: groups of similar cells -> ORGAN: contains two or more types of tissues -> ORGAN SYSTEM: organs that work closely together -> ORGANISMAL: all organ sys |
| STANDARD ANATOMICAL BODY POSITION | body erect, feet sligtly apart, palms facing forward: PRONE (laying down in anatomical position face down) SUPINE (laying down in anatomical position face up) |
| MAJOR DIRECTIONAL TERMS | SUPERIOR(cranial), INFERIOR(caudal), VENTRAL(anterior), DORSAL(posterior), MEDIAL, LATERAL, INTERMEDIATE, PROXIMAL, DISTAL |
| SUPERIOR(cranial) | toward the head end or upper part of structure or the body; above |
| INFERIOR(caudal) | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body;below |
| VENTRAL(anterior) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
| DORSAL(posterior) | toward or at the back of the body; behind |
| MEDIAL | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
| LATERAL | away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
| INTERMEDIATE | between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
| PROXIMAL | closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| DISTAL | farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BODY | Axial and APPENDICULAR |
| AXIAL | head neck and trunk |
| APPENDICULAR | limbs |
| WHAT DO REGIONAL TERMS DESIGNATE | REGIONAL TERMS DESIGNATE SPECIFIC AREAS |
| CEPHALIC | HEAD: Frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, mental |
| FRONTAL | FOREHEAD |
| ORBITAL | EYE |
| NASAL | NOSE |
| ORAL | MOUTH |
| MENTAL | CHIN |
| CERVICAL | NECK |
| THORACIC | CHEST: axillary, mammary, sternal |
| AXILLARY | ARMPIT |
| MAMMARY | BREAST |
| STERNAL | BREASTBONE |
| ANATOMY | STUDY OF STRUCTURE: “subdivisions “ gross or macroscopic (eg , regional, surface, and systemic anatomy), microscopic (eg, cytology and histology), developmental (eg, embryology) |
| PHYSIOLOGY | THE STUDY OF FUNCTION AT MANY LEVELS: subdivisions are based on organ systems (eg, renal or cardiovascular physiology) |
| WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGINIZATION | CHEMICAL -> CELLULAR -> TISSUE -> ORGAN -> ORGAN SYSTEM -> ORGANISMAL |
| CHEMICAL | atoms and molecules (chapter 2) |
| CELLULAR | cells and their organelles (chapter 3) |
| TISSUE | groups of similar cells |
| ORGAN | contains two or more types of tissues |
| ORGAN SYSTEM | organs that work closely together |
| ORGANISMAL | all organ systems |
| STANDARD ANATOMICAL BODY POSITION | body erect, feet sligtly apart, palms facing forward: PRONE (laying down in anatomical position face down) SUPINE (laying down in anatomical position face up) |
| MAJOR DIRECTIONAL TERMS | SUPERIOR(cranial), INFERIOR(caudal), VENTRAL(anterior), DORSAL(posterior), MEDIAL, LATERAL, INTERMEDIATE, PROXIMAL, DISTAL |
| SUPERIOR(cranial) | toward the head end or upper part of structure or the body; above |
| INFERIOR(caudal) | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body;below |
| VENTRAL(anterior) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
| DORSAL(posterior) | toward or at the back of the body; behind |
| MEDIAL | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
| LATERAL | away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
| INTERMEDIATE | between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
| PROXIMAL | closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| DISTAL | farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BODY | Axial and APPENDICULAR |
| AXIAL | head neck and trunk |
| APPENDICULAR | limbs |
| WHAT DO REGIONAL TERMS DESIGNATE | REGIONAL TERMS DESIGNATE SPECIFIC AREAS |
| CEPHALIC | HEAD: Frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, mental |
| FRONTAL | FOREHEAD |
| ORBITAL | EYE |
| NASAL | NOSE |
| ORAL | MOUTH |
| MENTAL | CHIN |
| CERVICAL | NECK |
| THORACIC | CHEST: axillary, mammary, sternal |
| AXILLARY | ARMPIT |
| MAMMARY | BREAST |
| STERNAL | BREASTBONE |
| UMBILICAL | NAVAL |
| INGUINAL | GROIN |
| PUBIC | GENITAL |
| ACROMIAL | POINT OF SHOULDER |
| BRACHIAL | ARM |
| ANTECUBITAL | FRONT OF ELBOW |
| ANTIBRACHIAL | FOREARM |
| CARPAL | WRIST |
| MANUS | HAND |
| PALMER | PALM |
| POLLEX | THUMB |
| DIGITAL | FINGERS |
| COXAL | HIP |
| FEMORAL | THIGH |
| PATELLAR | ANTERIOR KNEE |
| CRURAL | LEG |
| FIBULAR OR PERONEAL | SIDE OF LEG |
| PEDAL | FOOT |
| TARSAL | ANKLE |
| DIGITAL | TOES |
| HALLUX | GREAT TOE |
| ACROMIAL | POINT OF SHOULDER |
| BRACHIAL | ARM |
| OLECRANAL | BACK OF ELBOW |
| ANTEBRACHIAL | FOREARM |
| MANUS | HAND |
| POPLITEAL | BACK OF KNEE |
| SURAL | CALF |
| FIBULAR | thigh |
| PEDAL | FOOT |
| CALCANEAL | HEEL |
| PLANTER | SOLE |
| OTIC | EAR |
| OCCIPITAL | BACK OF HEAD |
| CERVICAL BACK | DORSAL |
| SCAPULAT | SHOULDER BLADE |
| VERTEBRAL | SPINAL COLUMN |
| LUMBAR | LOIN |
| SACRAL | BETWEEN HIPS |
| GLUTEAL | BUTTOCK |
| PERINEAL | BETWEEN ANUS AND EXTERNAL GENITALIA |
| PLANE | FLAT SURFACE ALONG WHICH BODY OR STRUCTURE IS CUT FOR ANATOMICAL STUDY |
| SAGITTAL PLANE | DIVIDES BODY VERTICALLY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT PARTS (PRODUCES A SAGITTAL SECTION) |
| MEDSAGITTAL (MEDIAN) PLANE | LIES ON MIDLINE |
| PARASAGITTAL PLANE | NOT ON MIDLINE |
| FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE | DIVIDES BODY VERTICALLY INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS |
| TRANSVERS (HORIZONTAL) PLANE | DIVIDES BODY HORIZONTALLY INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PARTS, PRODUCES A CROSS SECTION |
| OBLIQUE SECTION | CUTS MADE DIAGONALLY |
| DORSAL BODY CAVITY | DORSAL CAVITY (protects nervous system), TWO SUBDIVISIONS (cranial cavity, vertebral cavity) |
| DORSAL CAVITY | PROTECTS NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| CRANIAL CAVITY | ENCASES BRAIN |
| VERTEBRAL | ENCASES SPINAL CORD |
| VENTRAL BODY CAVITY | HOUSES INTERNAL ORGANS (VISCERA)/THORATIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES |
| THORASIC CAVITY | (CONTAINS HEART AND LUNGS) TWO PLEURAL CAVITIES (each houses a lung), MEDIASTINUM, PERICARDIAL CAVITY |
| MEDIASTINUM | contains pericardial cavity, surrounds thoratic organs |
| PERICARDIAL CAVITY | ENCLOSES HEART |
| ABDOMINAL CAVITY | CONTAINS DIGESTIVE VISCERA,STOMACH, INTESTINES, SPLEEN, AND LIVER |
| PELVIC CAVITY | CONTAINS URINARY BLADDER, REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, AND RECTUM |
| OTHER BODY CAVITIES? | ORAL AND DIGISTIVE CAVITIES, NASAL CAVITY, ORBITAL CAVITIES, MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES, MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES, SYNOVIAL CAVITIES |
| INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM | FORMS EXTERNAL BODY COVERING PROTECTS DEEPER TISSUES FROM INJURY ; SYNTHHEESIZES VITAMIN D ; SITE OF CUTANEOUS (PAIN PRESSURE ET) RECEPTORS AND SWEAT AND OIL GLANDS (HAIR, NAILS,SKIN) |
| SKELETAL SYSTEM | PROTECTS AND SUPPORTS BODY ORGANS; PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK THE MUSCLES USE TO CAUSE MOVEMENT (BONES AND JOINTS) |
| MUSCULAR SYSTEM | ALLOWS MANIPULATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT LOCOMOTION, AND FACIAL EXPRESSION; MAINTAIS POSTURE; PRODUCES HEAT (SKELETAL MUSCLES) |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM | FAST ACTING CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE BODY RESPONDS TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGES BY ACTIVATING APPROPRIATE MUSCLES AND GLANDS. (BRAINS, SENSORY RECEPTOR, SPINAL CORD, NERVES) |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | GLANDS SECRET HORMONES THAT REGULATE PROCESSES SUCH AS GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND NUTRIENT USE (METABOLISM) BY BODY CELLS. (PINEAL GLAND PITUITARY GLAND, THYROID GLAND, THYMUS, ADRENAL GLAND, PANCREAS,OVARY, TESTIS) |
| CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | BLOOD VESSELS TRANSPORT BLOOD, WHICH CARRIES OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NUTRIENTS, WASTES, ETC,; THE HEART PUMPS BLOOD ( HEART BLOOD VESSELS) |
| LYMPHATIC SYSTEM / IMMUNITY | PICKS UP FLUID LEAKED FROM BLOOD VESSELS AND RETURNS IT TO BLOOD; DISPOSES OF DEBRIS IN THE LYMPHATIC STREAM; HOUSES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LYMPHOCYTES) INVOLVED IN IMMUNITY. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE MOUNTS THE ATTACK AGAINST FOREIGN SUBSTANCES WITHIN THE BODY. ( |
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | KEEPS BLOOD CONSTANTLY SUPPLIED WITH OXYGEN AND REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE; THE GASEOUS EXCHANGES OCCUR THROUGH THE WALLS OF THE AIR SACS OF THE LUNGS ( NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, BRONCHUS, TRACHEA, LUNG) |
| DIGISTIVE SYSTEM | BREAKS DOWN FOOD INTO ABSORBABLE UNITS THAT ENTER THE BLOOD FOR DISTRIBUTION TO BODY CELLS; INDIGESTIBLE FOODSTUFFS ARE ELIMINATED AS FECES (ORAL CAVITY, ESOPHAGUS, LIVER, STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE, RECTUM, ANUS |
| URINARY SYSTEM | ELIMINATES NITROGENOUS WASTES FROM THE BODY; REGULATES WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE OF THE BLOOD. (KIDNEY, URETER, URINARY BLADDER, URETHRA) |
| MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | OVERALL FUNTION IS PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING. TESTES PRODUCE SPERM AND MALE SEX HORMONES ; DUCTS AND GLANDS AID IN DELIVERY OF SPERM TO THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT ( PROSTATE GLAND, PENIS, TESTIES, SCROTUM, DUCTUS DEFERENS) |
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | OVARIES PRODUCE EGGS AND FEMALE SEX HORMONES; REMAINING STRUCTURES SERVE AS SITES FOR FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMAENT OF THE FETUS, MAMMARY GLANDS OF FEMALE BREATS PRODUCE MILK TO NOURISH THE NEWBORN (MAMMARY GLANDS (IN BREATS), OVARY, UTERUS, VAGINA, UTER |
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