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BIOL 150 01
This is for the first exam, ch 23- 25
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution is defined as | decent with modification, by charles darwin. Meaning that as times goes a species with start to change in order to adapt to its environment |
| darwin drew many of his ideas about evolution by studying | fossils |
| compressed superimposed layers of rock = | strata |
| the study of fossils | paleontology |
| catastrophism | the idea that events in the past happened suddenly and differently then the present () |
| elaboration catastrophism | events such as flood would locally wipe out a population and be repopulated by immigrants |
| uniformitarianism | mechanisms of change are constant over time |
| use/disuse, inheritance of acquired chars | parts of the body that are used become stronger and those that are neglected will disappear, these chars are pased down to offspring as a result |
| a process in which certain inherited traits leave more offspring than those with other traits | natural selection |
| the act of selecting traits in a population that are desired to maintain in the next generation | artificial selection |
| Darwins observations of nature | 1: traits of a pop vary 2: traits of inherited 3: all species can produce more offspring than the environment can sustain 4: All offspring do not survive due to environmental conditions (food, water, predators) |
| Darwins inferences on nature | 1: those with traits that give a longer life expectancy will produce more offspring 2: un equality of traits will lead to a greater population of favorable traits (knock on wood) |
| Examples of direct observations | -guppies adapting to predictors by changing the size and amounts of bright spots -viruses may be treating by a drug that allows only parts resistant to the drug to reproduce causing a direct change in the pathogen |
| fossils and evolution | fossils show a difference between past organisms and present ones |
| similarity of organism that have very different functions | homology |
| organisms underlying skeletons represent variations on the structural them present in their common ancestors | homologous structures |
| vestigial structures | leftover structures from evolution that serve little to no function |
| a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. | evolutionary tree |
| Convergent evolution. | similar traits that evolved independently |
| Analogous resemblance | convergent evolution |
| the geographic distribution of species | biogeography (continental drift, Pangaea {200 mil}) |
| found nowhere else in the world | endemic |
| microcvolution | changes in the allele frequency of a population that indirectly causes a population to evolve(affected by natural selection) |
| discrete characters | either-or |
| average heterozygosity | the average percent of loci that are heterozygous |
| changes that are not inherited | shit like diet changing skin color and stuff like that |
| separated by geographic location resulting in different genetic population of the same species | geographic variation |
| The ultimate source of new alleles is | mutation |
| Point Mutations | A change of as little as one base in a gene-a "point mutation" |
| mutation rates | Mutation rates tend to be low in plants and animals, averaging about one mutation in every 100,000 genes per generation, and they are often even lower in prokaryotes(HIV is fucking fast) |
| sexual reproduction can cause genetic variation | no shit |
| A population is | a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring. |
| read page 519 on alle frquency | |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle, | states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a Alleles in the population (Hardy-Weinberg equilibriu) population will remain constant from generation to generation |
| memorize HWE formula | p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
| HWE rules: | 1:no mutaion 2:No Random mating 3:No natural selection 4:Big population size 5: No gene flow MRNBG |
| genetic drift | The smaller the number of coin flips, the more likely it is that chance alone will cause a deviation from the predicted result |
| When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population; this is called the | founder effect |
| Asevere drop in population size can cause the | bottleneck (restricting gene flow to a particular allelic frequency) |
| the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | gene flow |
| the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals | relative fitness |
| Directional selection | occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other /|\ \|/ |
| Disruptive selection | occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes. |
| Stabilizing selection | acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. (opp of Disruptive) |
| a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates | sexual selection |
| marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics | sexual dimorphism, like fucking peacocks are. |
| intrasexual selection | competition for mating between same sex |
| intersexual selection (mate choice) | (usually the females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex (Fucking humans...) |
| Balancing selection occurs when | natural selection maintains two or more forms in a population |
| mutations or features that cause neither an advantage nor disadvantage | neutral variation. |
| the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans | macroevolution |
| the process by which one species splits into two or more species.` | speciation |
| species | is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring |
| reproductive isolation | he existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring |
| Prczygotic barriers (~before the zygote~) | block fertilization from occurring |
| postzygotic barriers (~after the zygote~) | may contribute to reproductive isolation after hybrid zygote is formed, like donkeys |
| Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely | Habitat Isolation |
| Species that breed during different times of the day | Temporal Isolation |
| Courtship rituals that attrJct mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species. | Behavioral Isolation |
| Mating is attempted, but morphological differences prevent its successful completion. like donkeys | Mechanical Isolation (after mating attempt) |
| Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species | Gametic Isolation |
| The genes of different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid's development or survival in its environment. | Reduced Hybrid Viability |
| Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile. | Reduced Hybrid Fertility |
| Some first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate with one another or with either parent spedes, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile | Hybrid Breakdown |
| morphological species concept | characterizes a species by bodyshape and other structural fea~ tures. |
| ecological species concept | views a species in terms of its ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environ~ ment |
| phylogenetic species concept | defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life |
| allopatric speciation (other homeland) | gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations |
| sympatric speciation | speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area. |
| A species may originate from an accident during cell division that results in extra sets of chromosomes, | polyploidy |
| autopolyploid (from the Greek autos, self) | is an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species. |
| In subsequent generations, various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid called an | allopolyploid |
| Reinforcement | (strengthening of reproductive barriers-hybrids / gradually cease |---- to be formed) \ |
| Fusion | (weakening of reproductive / \ barriers-the |--| two species fuse) \ / |
| Stability | (continued /------ production of |------- hybrid individuals) \------ |
| to describe these periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change in regards to fusion stability and reinforcement | punctuated equilibrium |
| radiometric dating,based on the decay of radioactive isotopes | A radioactive "parent" isotope decays to a "daughter" isotope at a constant rate. rate of decay expressed as half life |
| half life | the time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay |
| characteristic half-life, | not affected by temperature, pressure, or other such environmental variables. |
| Radiometric dating example | by measuring a no decaying isotope present in a fossil that also has a decaying isotope (preferably of the same type) that begins to decay once the organism is dead can determine the fossils age (ignore grammar) |
| bone structure can be used to determine origin of groups of organisms | |
| geologic record | defined by fossils found over time from different eras |
| first single celled organsims (date) | Stromalites (3.5 bya) |
| oldest eukaryotic cells appear | 2.1 bya (multi cell at 1.5 ) |
| alge and soft bodied shit show up | .5 bya |
| fish/tetrapods | .35 bya or 350 mya |
| extensive forests | .299 bya or 299 mya |
| reptiles | .250 bya |
| Dino | 150 mya or .15 bya |
| flowers (Cretaceous) | .65 bya or 65 mya |
| mammals and primates | 65-23 mya (monkeys last) |
| shit ton of mammals then humans | 23 to present |
| Cenozoic (human) | 65 mya to present |
| Mesozoic (dino) | 250 mya to 65 |
| Paleozoic (retard animals) | 540 mya to 250 |
| shit before 540 mya | basic single cells that didnt do much, origin of earth at like 4.6 billion years (that won't change any time soon) |
| No one really reads these but me so I can say whatever I want. | Fuck you future people, I bet your all dumb shits who don't know how to do anything and have to Google shit to breath. That's right anything. |
| photosynthesis and breathing | 2.7 bya to 2.1 , i mean technically i still breath and plants still do shit so It's more of when it first started happening. |
| Cambrian explosion | (535-525 mya this is when everything starting doing shit and stopped being lazy retards |
| colonization of land | 5 mya ...see not fucking lazy anymore. it comes back in the mid 60s though. |
| Continental Drift (aka 1.5 bya) | fucked shit up. Pangaea blew the fuck up. animals lost there shit, some species died im sure. |
| FIVE mass extinctions (past 500 my) | -50% of marine lif 2 in -Cretaceous/Paleozoic 96% marine animal |
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