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Anat & Phys W2.1

Outer Ear Structure

QuestionAnswer
What composes the outer ear? Visible ear up to the TM.
What is the basic function of the pinna (auricle)? Collects acoustic energy.
What is the basic function of the EAM? Funnels acoustic energy to the TM.
Describe the pinna. Protrudes from head at 15-30 degree angle. Composed of yellow (elastic) cartilage held together by ligaments. Auricle cartilage is a unitary structure covered with epithelial tissue. Lobe devoid of cartilage. Cartilage hardens as one gets older.
Where are the attachment points for the pinna? Via a cartilaginous spine to the zygomatic arch and by a cartilaginous tail to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
What are the extrinsic pinna muscles? Superior, Anterior, Posterior auricular muscles
What is the average length and diameter of the EAM? ~2.5 to 3 cm (shorter in children) ~.75 cm in diameter
Does the diameter remain constant throughout the EAM? The diameter increases at auricle orifice, gradually decreases in diameter as it approaches the isthmus, and the gradually increases as it moves more medial.
What is the isthmus? Bony and cartilaginous juncture
What are the THREE main structures of the EAM? 1) Tympanic portion of temporal bone - floor and anterior wall and interior-posterior wall 2) Squamous portion of the temporal bone - roof and portion of posterior wall 3) Condyle of the mandible - inferior-anterior wall at the TMJ
What are the cartilaginous and osseous foundations of the EAM? Distal 1/3 is cartilaginous and Medial 2/3 has osseous foundation.
What are the characteristics of the EAM in an infant? At birth there is only an incomplete cartilaginous ring (tympanic annulus). Osseous portion develops over the first 3 years. Infant and toddler's EAM is more "flexible" than older children and adults.
Describe the skin of the EAM. Outer layer migrates outwardly and forms the lateral-most layer of TM. Cartilaginous portion contains hair follicles and glands for cerumen.
What are the TWO types of cells that contribute to cerumen? Sebaceous gland - close to the hair follicles and produce an oily substance that lubricates the EAM; passive breakdown of cells, not active secretion). Modified aprocrine glands - secrete wax-like substance. The two glands combine to produce cerumen.
Macrotia Large pinna
Microtia Small pinna
Anotia Absent or incomplete pinna
Aural atresia Absence of EAM and possibly TM
EAM stenosis Narrowing of EAM (usually not congenital)
Otitis externa "umbrella term" for infection
EAM extostoses Growth of new bone
What can tags and pits be indicative of? Brachio-oto-renal syndrome
Created by: duda713
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