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Definitions Ch. 02
Basic Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and thus to lower its pH numerically. | acid |
| Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element. | atom |
| Average of atom mass units for all the isotopes of an atom. | atomic mass |
| Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom. | atomic number |
| One or two letters that represent the name of an element. | atomic symbol |
| Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and thus raise the pH numerically. | base |
| Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity. | buffer |
| Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1 degree Celsius. | calorie |
| Substance having two or more different elements in a fixed ratio. | compound |
| Chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons. | covalent bond |
| Negative subatomic particle, moving about in a an energy level around the nucleus of an atom. | electron |
| The ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond. | electronegativity |
| The average location, or energy level, of an electron in an atom. Often drawn as concentric circles around the nucleus. | electron shell |
| Substances that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one type atom. | element |
| A group of symbols and numbers used to express the composition of a compound. | formula |
| Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule ad a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule. | hydrogen bond |
| Hydrogen atom that has lost its electron and therefore bears a positive charge. | hydrogen ion (H+) |
| Type of molecule, often polar, that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. | hydrophilic |
| Type of molecule, that is typically nonpolar, and therefore does not interact easily with water. | hydrophobic |
| One of two ions that results when a water molecule dissociates; it has gained an electrons and therefore bears a negative charge. | hydroxide ion (OH-) |
| Charged particles that carries a negative or positive charge. | ion |
| Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges. | ionic bond |
| Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but a different mass number due to a variation in the number of neutrons. | isotope |
| Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus. | mass number |
| Anything that takes up space and has mass. | matter |
| Union of two or more atoms of the same element; also, the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound. | molecule |
| Neutral subatomic particle, located in the nucleus and assigned one atomic mass unit. | neutron |
| Bond in which the sharing of electrons between atoms is fairly equal. | nonpolar covalent bond |
| The observation that an atom is most stable when its outer shell is complete and contains eight electrons; an exception is hydrogen which requires only two electrons in its outer shell to have a completed shell. | octet rule |
| Measurement scale for hydrogen ion concentration. | pH scale |
| Bond in which the sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal. | polar covalent bond |
| Positive subatomic particle located in the nucleus and assigned one atomic mass unit. | proton |
| Solid substances formed by ionic bonds that usually dissociate into individual ions in water. | salt |
| Substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution. | solute |
| Fluid (the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid (the solute). | solution |
| Force that holds moist membranes together due to the attraction of water molecules through hydrogen bonds. | surface tension |
| The outer electrons shell of an atom. Contains the valence electrons, which determine the chemical reactivity of the atom. | valence shell |
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